Assignment-3 Classification of Microbes By Ms. Neha S. Raut Assistant Professor Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur.

Syllabus Alexander Fleming, Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Immunology-I (3T5) 1. Introduction to Microbiology Scope and applications to Pharmaceuticals, Whittaker‟s five kingdom concept, classification of microbes into bacteria, rickettsia, actinomycetes, fungi, protozoa, algae and viruses. Historical developments – contributions of Alexander Fleming, Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch Paul Ehrlich.

2. Microscopy Principle and applications of compound, Dark-field, phase contrast and fluorescence microscope. Different parts of compound microscope, resolving power, magnification power, numerical aperture and working distance. Electron microscopy – SEM and TEM

3. Microbiology of Bacteria Size, shape and arrangement, structure of bacterial cell, reproduction, growth, growth requirements, growth curve, culture media, measurements of bacterial growth, colony characteristics, methods for isolation. Identification and preservation of microbial cultures. Genetics – DNA, RNA, Protein synthesis, transposons, plasmids. Mutation- Types of mutation, mutagenic agents. Recombination in bacteria – conjugation, transformation and transduction, Replica plate technique. 4. Microbiology of fungi Introduction, classification, nutrition and reproduction

5. Microbiology of Viruses Introduction, general properties, structure, bacteriophage – lytic growth cycle and lysogeny. Human viruses – cultivation and multiplication, quantitative détermination. 6. Microbial diseases (Etiology, pathophysiology, transmission, prevention and treatment) Bacterial and viral diseases i.e. Tuberculosis, AIDS, Leprosy, Syphilis, Influenza, Typhoid, Malaria. Cholera. Fungal infections.

Types of Microorganisms Bacteria eubacteria (“true” bacteria) domain Bacteria Archaeabacteria domain Archaea Single-celled members of domain Eukarya. Protozoa Microscopic Algae Microscopic Fungi Viruses

Types: Bacteria Description: eubacteria, archaeabacteria, Gram-negative, Gram-positive, acid fast, cyanobacteria Types: procaryotes, absorbers, wet conditions, animal decomposers, cell walls, unicellular Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs, photoheterotrophs, chemoautotrophs, photoautotrophs Durable state: endospores (some) Diseases: tetanus, botulism, gonorrhea, chlamydia, tuberculosis, etc., etc., etc.

Rob-Shaped Bacteria

Spherical Bacteria

Spiral-Shaped Bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi Spirochete:

Types: Cyanobacteria Description: blue-green algae Types: photosynthetic aquatic procaryotes, green lake scum, cell walls Nutrient Type: photoautotrophs Diseases: none

Types: Algae Description: photosynthetic aquatic eucaryotes, cell walls, both unicellular and multicellular types Types: brown, red, green, diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids Nutrient Type: photoautotrophs Diseases: Some poisonings associated with unicellular types: Alexandrium causes Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP), Dinophysis causes Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), Pseudo-nitzschia multiseries causes Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) [some would describe some as protists]

Types: Fungi Description: yeasts (unicellular fungi), molds (filamentous fungi) Types: eucaryotes, absorbers, dry conditions, plant decomposers, cell walls, ~100 human pathogens Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs Durable state: spores Diseases: mycoses: candida, ringworm (pictured), athlete's foot, jock itch, etc.

Types: Helminths Description: Flatworms (platyhelminths), roundworms (nematodes) Types: metazoan (multicellular animal) parasites, engulfers and absorbers Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs Durable state:? Diseases:trichinosis, hook worm, tape worm (pictured are scolex-heads of), etc.

Types: Protozoa (Protists) Description: Unicellular and slime molds, flagellates, ciliates Types: eucaryotes, parasites, engulfers and absorbers, wet conditions, no cell wall, ~30 human pathogens Nutrient Type: chemoheterotrophs (some classifications include some photoautotrophs as well) Durable state: cysts (some) Diseases: malaria, giardiasis, amoebic dysentery, etc. (shown are harmless--to us--protist components of pond water: Amoeba, Blepharisma, Paramecium, Peranema, & Stentor)

Types: Viruses Description: Not cells but enveloped or non-enveloped Types: acellular, obligate intracellular parasites Nutrient Type: not applicable Durable state: virion particles, some can encase in durable state of host Diseases: common cold, flu, HIV, herpes, chicken pox, etc.

Rickettsia Domain:Bacteria Phylum:Proteobacteria Class:Alphaproteobacteria Subclass:Rickettsidae Rickettsia is a genus of non-motile, Gram-negative, non-sporeforming, highly pleomorphic bacteria that can present as cocci (0.1 μm in diameter), rods (1–4 μm long) or thread-like (10 μm long). obligate intracellular parasites, the Rickettsia survival depends on entry, growth, and replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells (typically endothelial cells)

Disease: typhus,  rickettsialpox,  Boutonneuse fever, African tick bite fever,  Rocky Mountain spotted fever,  Flinders Island spotted fever and  Queensland tick typhus (Australian tick typhus).

Actinomycetes Actinomycete (order Actinomycetales), any member of a heterogeneous group of gram-positive, generally anaerobic bacteria noted for a filamentous and branching growth pattern that results, in most forms, in an extensive colony, or mycelium. Many genera also form spores; the sporangia, or spore cases, may be found on aerial hyphae, on the colony surface, or free within the environment. Motility, when present, is conferred by flagella. Present in soil and are harmless to animals and higher plants, while some are important pathogens, and many others are beneficial sources of antibiotics.

Of the specific types of actinomycetes,  Nocardia asteroides, an aerobic species, is the primary cause of nocardiosis, an infection of the lungs, brain, or skin in humans.  Dermatophilus congolensis causes dermatophilosis, a severe dermatitis of cattle, sheep, horses, and occasionally humans.  Streptomyces cause the disease actinomycosis in humans and cattle. Many of the actinomycetes are sources of antibiotics such as streptomycin.

Characterization & classification

Taxonomy Involves three steps: 1. Identification 2. Classification 3. Nomenclature Objective is to arrange organisms into categories that reflect the similarities of the individuals within the groups 22

History Carolus Linnaeus: 1700’s: Two Kingdoms: Plants and Animals Ernst Haekel: 1866: Kingdom Protista R.H. Whittaker: 1969: Five Kingdoms Carl Woese: 1990: Three Domains

Identification of Microorganisms Microscopic examination Culture characteristics Biochemical tests Nucleic Acid Analysis Serological Tests Person’s symptoms also play a role 24

Taxonomy Organizing, classifying and naming living things Formal system originated by Carl von Linné (1701-1778) Identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria Each organism placed into a classification system

Taxonomy Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species

3 Domains Eubacteria Archaea Eukarya true bacteria, peptidoglycan odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. (usually called extremophiles) Eukarya have a nucleus & organelles (humans, animals, plants)

Taxonomy 4 main kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Algae

Naming Micoorganisms Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names: Genus - noun, always capitalized species - adjective, lowercase Both italicized or underlined Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Insert figure 1.15 Woese-Fox System

Species and Subspecies collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly Strain or variety culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species (biovars, morphovars) Type subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup (serotype or serovar), susceptibility to bacterial viruses (phage type) and in pathogenicity (pathotype)

THANK YOU

Assignment 3 Write the answers for enlisted Questions in your Notebook Enlist the different types of micro organisms. Draw the Whittaker Five kingdom system. Define species and strains. What is Rickettsia and actinomycetes? Write the one example of bacteria, virus, algae, fungi and protozoa.