Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (4th Ed) Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Psychological Disorders a condition in which behavior is judged: atypical- not enough in itself disturbing- varies with time & culture maladaptive- harmful unjustifiable- sometimes there’s a good reason

Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy- full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood

Psychological Disorders Medical Model concept that diseases have physical causes can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured assumes that these “mental” illnesses can be diagnosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy, which may include treatment in a psychiatric hospital

Psychological Disorders Bio-psycho-social Perspective assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Biological (Evolution, individual genes, brain structures and chemistry) Psychological (Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories) Sociocultural (Roles, expectations, definition of normality and disorder)

Psychological Disorders- Etiology DSM-IV American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition) a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

Psychological Disorders- Etiology Neurotic disorder (term seldom used now) usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially Freud saw the neurotic disorders as ways of dealing with anxiety Psychotic disorder person loses contact with reality experiences irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Generalized Anxiety Disorder client is tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal Phobia persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation

Anxiety Disorders Common and uncommon fears 100 90 Percentage 80 Afraid of it Bothers slightly Not at all afraid of it Being closed in, in a small place alone In a house at night Percentage of people surveyed 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Snakes in high, exposed places Mice Flying on an airplane Spiders and insects Thunder lightning Dogs Driving a car In a crowd Cats

Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) Panic Disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensation

Anxiety Disorders Common Obsessions and Compulsions Among People With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Thought or Behavior Percentage* Reporting Symptom Obsessions (repetitive thoughts) Concern with dirt, germs, or toxins 40 Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness) 40 Symmetry order, or exactness 24 Excessive hand washing, bathing, tooth brushing, 85 or grooming Compulsions (repetitive behaviors) Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, 51 up/down from a chair) Checking doors, locks, appliances, 46 car brake, homework

Anxiety Disorders PET Scan of brain of person with Obsessive/ Compulsive disorder High metabolic activity (red) in frontal lobe areas involved with directing attention

Dissociative Disorders conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings Dissociative Amnesia selective memory loss often brought on by extreme stress

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Fugue flight from one’s home and identity accompanies amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities formerly called multiple personality disorder

Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder characterized by emotional extremes Major Depressive Disorder a mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

Mood Disorders Mania Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state Bipolar Disorder a mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania formerly called manic-depressive disorder

Mood Disorders- Suicide 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-44 55-64 65-74 75-84 85+ Suicides per 100,000 people 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Males Females The higher suicide rate among men greatly increases in late adulthood

Mood Disorders-Suicide Suicide rate per 100,000 people In recent decades teen suicides have soared 1960 1993 Ages 15-19 All Ages 12 8 4

Mood Disorders-Depression Percentage of population aged 18-84 experiencing major depression at some point In life 20 15 10 5 USA Edmonton Puerto Paris West Florence Beirut Taiwan Korea New Rico Germany Zealand Around the world women are more susceptible to

Mood Disorders-Bipolar PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with emotional swings Depressed state Manic state

Mood Disorders-Depression Altering any one component of the chemistry-cognition-mood circuit can alter the others Brain chemistry Cognition Mood

Mood Disorders-Depression 1 Stressful experiences 4 Cognitive and behavioral changes 2 Negative explanatory style 3 Depressed mood The vicious cycle of depression can be broken at any point

Schizophrenia Schizophrenia literal translation “split mind” a group of severe psychotic disorders characterized by: disorganized and delusional thinking disturbed perceptions inappropriate emotions and actions

Schizophrenia Delusions false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders Hallucinations false sensory experiences such as seeing something without any external visual stimulus

Schizophrenia Subtypes of Schizophrenia Paranoid: Preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations Disorganized: Disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion Catatonic: Immobility (or excessive, purposeless movement), extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repeating of another’s speech or movements Undifferentiated Schizophrenia symptoms without fitting one of the or residual: above types

Schizophrenia 40 30 Lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia 20 for relatives of a schizophrenic 40 30 20 10 General population Siblings Children Fraternal twin of two victims Identical

Personality Disorders disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning usually without anxiety, depression, or delusions

Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder disorder in which the person (usually male) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Personality Disorders Adrenaline Excretion(ng/min.) 15 10 5 Nonstressful situation Stressful Those with criminal convictions have lower levels of arousal No criminal conviction Criminal conviction

Personality Disorders Percentage of criminal offenders 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Total crime Thievery Violence Childhood poverty Obstetrical complications Both poverty and obstetrical

Rates of Psychological Disorders Percentage of Americans Who Have Ever Experienced Psychological Disorders Disorder White Black Hispanic Men Women Totals Ethnicity Gender Alcohol abuse or dependence 13.6% 13.8% 16.7% 23.8% 4.6% 13.8% Generalized anxiety 3.4 6.1 3.7 2.4 5.0 3.8 Phobia 9.7 23.4 12.2 10.4 17.7 14.3 Obsessive-compulsive disorder 2.6 2.3 1.8 2.0 3.0 2.6 Mood disorder 8.0 6.3 7.8 5.2 10.2 7.8 Schizophrenic disorder 1.4 2.1 0.8 1.2 1.7 1.5 Antisocial personality disorder 2.6 2.3 3.4 4.5 0.8 2.6