PHYS 3380 - Astronomy PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Dr. Phillip Anderson

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Fall 2017 INSTRUCTOR: TEACHING ASSISTANT: Dr. Phillip C. Anderson 972-883-2875 — Room PHYS 1.912 (and WSTC1.720) email: phillip.anderson1@utdallas.edu TEACHING ASSISTANT: Joe Coleman jec076000@utdallas.edu PHYS 1.706 OFFICE HOURS: Dr. Anderson: MW 12:00 PM – 2:00 PM and by appointment Mr Coleman: Tues 2:00 – 3:00 PM and by appointment - location PHYS 1.706

Fall 2017 TEXT: GRADING: Foundations of Astronomy, Seeds, 12th Edition See me if you have a different edition Slides will be available on web at www.utdallas.edu/~pca015000 GRADING: Exams (3) 2 Exams (Oct 2, Nov 6) @ 20% each = 40% Final Exam (TBD) = 30% Homework = 20% Homework will be assigned weekly and will be due a week later. Late homework will not be accepted. It is considered late after 3:45 PM seven days after assigned unless otherwise specified. . Projects = 10% Attendance will be taken every class period and will be used to decide whether to raise or lower grades on the cusp. PHYS 3380 - Astronomy

Follow the links to each class’s notes(at www.utdallas.edu/~pca015000) PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Follow the links to each class’s notes(at www.utdallas.edu/~pca015000) They will be available at least the day before the class. Any movies in the notes will be separated out and put in a separate directory. They can be played with Quicktime or may be html animations that can be run through your web browser. The exams will only cover material discussed in class. It would behoove you to read the relevant material in the book before/after class as it may provide a different perspective on the material that will help you understand it better than the lecture and class notes alone. Note that some of the material covered in the lecture will not be in the text - it is very important to attend class.

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Project 1 1. Find a location from where you can observe either the sunrise or sunset. Note some landmarks, such as trees or light poles, etc. Make a sketch of the location and on the sketch plot the position on the horizon that the sun either rises or sets (morning or evening). Record the date and the time when you first see the sun rise or last see it set. Do this about once per week consistent with weather conditions. You MUST have at least 3 months of observations. 2. Write a three to four page paper on: A. How and where you made your observations. B. How did the sunrise or sunset position change with time? C. How fast did it change? Was the change uniform over the three month period? D. Why did the sunrise or sunset position move as you observed it. E. What problems did you encounter in doing this project and how did you solve those problems? 3. The project is to be turned at the final (TBD).

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Project 2 1. Plot the location and phase of moon over a complete synodic month, e.g., from new moon to new moon on an all-sky diagram as shown below. In an all-sky diagram, zenith is at the center and the edge of the circle is the horizon with the compass points indicated as in the figure. Estimate the compass direction of the moon (use a compass or the north star) and the angle of the moon above the horizon. Plot its location on the diagram using: (distance from edge of the circle to moon location)/radius = (angle above the horizon)/90 location around circle = cardinal direction (N,S,E,W)

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy In the example in the diagram, the moon is in the southeast, 30 degrees above the horizon. Draw a picture of the moon at the location as it appears, in other words its phase. Do it at the same time every night. Obviously there will be times when the weather does not cooperate but there should be at least 15 nights in which you perform the observation.

2. Write a three to four page paper on: PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 2. Write a three to four page paper on: A. How and where you made your observations. B. How did the moon’s position and appearance change with time? C. How fast did they change? Was the change uniform over the observation period? D. Why did the moon’s position and appearance move as you observed it? E. What problems did you encounter in doing this project and how did you solve those problems? 3. The project is to be turned in at the final (TBD).

SYLLABUS - Fall 2015 Chapters 1 ,2, & 3 The Night Sky PHYS 3380 - Astronomy SYLLABUS - Fall 2015 Chapters 1 ,2, & 3 The Night Sky Chapter 4 History of Modern Astronomy Chapter 5 Newton, Einstein, and Gravity Chapter 6 Light and Telescopes Chapter 7 Information from Distant Objects Chapter 8 The Sun Chapter 9 Determining the Observable Properties of Stars Chapters 10 & 11 Interstellar Medium and Star Formation Chapter 12 The Evolution of Stars Chapters 13 & 14 The Deaths of Stars Chapters 15 & 16 Galaxies Chapter 18 Cosmology Chapter 26 Life in the Universe

Average distance between the Earth and the Sun Light Year LY PHYS 3380 - Astronomy SCALES OF DISTANCE Astronomical Unit AU Average distance between the Earth and the Sun Light Year LY Distance light travels in one Year 1 LY = 186,000 Miles/Second x 31,500,000 Seconds = 5.8 x 1012 Miles Parsec PC Distance of an object that would have a stellar parallax of 1 Second of Arc 1 PC = 3.26 LY = 206,000 AU Angstrom A A distance of 1x10-8 cm Visible Light has wavelengths from 4000 to 7000 A Nanometer nm A distance of 10-9 meter or 10-7 cm Visible light has wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Our Place in the Cosmos

Light Travel Time From Earth to the Moon our natural satellite PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Light Travel Time From Earth to the Moon our natural satellite 1.25 seconds From Earth to the Sun the centre of our Solar System 8.3 min From the Sun to Jupiter the largest planet 41 min From the Sun to Saturn the furthest naked eye planet 85 min From the Sun to Pluto 5.5 hr From the Sun to Alpha Centauri the nearest star to us 4.3 yr From the Sun to Sirius the brightest star in our sky 8.6 yr Distance where the Sun would no longer be visible to naked eye 60 yr From the Sun to Polaris the north pole star 650 yr From the Sun to the Galactic centre the centre of our Galaxy 31,000 yr Galactic diameter the diameter of our Galaxy 81,500 yr To the Andromeda Galaxy the nearest large galaxy 2,200,000 yr Extinction of the dinosaurs 65,000,000 yr To Q0134+329 typical quasar 4,500,000,000 yr Formation of the Earth and Sun 4,700,000,000 yr To remotest quasars discovered in 1998 14,000,000,000 yr Edge of Universe limit of observable Universe 15,000,000,000 yr

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1.25 s

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy The Solar System 8.3 min 41 min 85 min 5.5 hr

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy

Alpha Centauri - closest star - 4.3 LY PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Alpha Centauri - closest star - 4.3 LY Our Milky Way Galaxy

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy The Milky Way

Spiral Galaxies Similar to the Milky Way PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Spiral Galaxies Similar to the Milky Way Edge view View from above

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy The Milky Way The Sun is located on the Orion spiral arm about 30,000 LY from the galactic center It takes about 230 million years for the sun to complete one orbit around the galactic center

Other Galaxies in Our Local Group PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Other Galaxies in Our Local Group A Ring Galaxy The Andromeda Galaxy 2.3 million LY away

Deep field view - about 10 billion LY away PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Deep field view - about 10 billion LY away

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy In our galaxy there are about 200 billion stars In our universe there are over 100 billion galaxies There are more stars in the universe than there are grains of sand on the Earth

If the Universe was one year old (instead of 13.7 billion years) PHYS 3380 - Astronomy If the Universe was one year old (instead of 13.7 billion years) The Cosmic Calendar (Carl Sagan)

1027 meters = 1000 yottameters 100 Billion Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1027 meters = 1000 yottameters 100 Billion Light Years This image represents the size of the known universe -- a sphere with a radius of 13.7 billion light years.

Ten Billion Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1026 meters = 100 yottameters Ten Billion Light Years Light from galaxies on the edge would require 5 billion years to reach the center. Observers at the center are seeing light that was emitted by these galaxies before the solar system formed. The largest scale picture ever taken. Each of the 9325 points is a galaxy like ours. They clump together in 'superclusters' around great voids which can be 150 million light years across.

One Billion Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1025 meters = 10 yottameters One Billion Light Years Astronomers have determined that the largest structures within the visible universe - superclusters, walls, and sheets - are about 200 million light years on a side.

1024 meters = 1 yottameter 100 Million Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1024 meters = 1 yottameter 100 Million Light Years Clusters of Galaxies

Within the Virgo Cluster PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1023 meters = 100 zettameters 10 Million Light Years Within the Virgo Cluster

1022 meters = 10 zettameters 1 Million Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1022 meters = 10 zettameters 1 Million Light Years The Local Group - Our galaxy with the Magellanic Clouds - two companion galaxies on the right.

1021 meters = 1 zettameter 100,000 Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1021 meters = 1 zettameter 100,000 Light Years Our galaxy - the Milky Way - looks rather like a whirlpool. It has spiral arms curling outwards from the center and rotates at about 900 kilometres per hour. It contains about 200 billion stars.

Our Spiral Arm 1020 meters = 100 exameters 10,000 Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1020 meters = 100 exameters 10,000 Light Years Our Spiral Arm

The Stars of the Orion Arm PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1019 meters = 10 exameters 1,000 Light Years The Stars of the Orion Arm

Stars within 50 Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1018 meters = 1 exameter 100 Light Years Stars within 50 Light Years

1017 meters = 100 petameters 10 Light Years PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1017 meters = 100 petameters 10 Light Years The Nearest Stars

1016 meters = 10 petameters 1 Light Year PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1016 meters = 10 petameters 1 Light Year The Oort Cloud

Sol - our Sun 1015 meters = 1 petameter 0.1 Light Year PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1015 meters = 1 petameter 0.1 Light Year Sol - our Sun

1014 meters = 100 terameters Our Sun and a few rocks PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1014 meters = 100 terameters Our Sun and a few rocks

The solar system. Only the orbit of Pluto is off the picture. PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1013 meters = 10 terameters The solar system. Only the orbit of Pluto is off the picture.

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1012 meters = 1 terameter Within the orbit of Jupiter - the orbits of the inner four planets : Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. All four have rocky crusts and metallic cores.

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1011 meters = 100 gigameters Six weeks of the Earth's orbit. The orbits of Venus and Mars are just visible on either side.

Four days of the Earth's orbit. PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 1010 meters = 10 gigameters Four days of the Earth's orbit.

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 109 meters = 1 gigameter The moon's orbit around the Earth, the furthest humans have ever traveled.

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 108 meters = 100 megameters Earth

North and Central America PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 107 meters = 10 megameters North and Central America

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 106 meters = 1 megameter California

The San Francisco Bay Area PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 105 meters = 100 kilometer The San Francisco Bay Area

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 104 meters = 10 kilometers San Francisco

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 103 meters = 1 kilometer Golden Gate Park

Japanese Tea Garden - one hectare (10,000 m2) PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 102 meters = 100 meters Japanese Tea Garden - one hectare (10,000 m2)

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 101 meters = 10 meters A pond with lily pads

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 100 meters = 1 meter A one-meter square

A bee on a lily pad flower PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-1 meters = 10 centimeters A bee on a lily pad flower

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-2 meters = 1 centimeter A bee's head

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-3 meters = 1 millimeter A bee's eye

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-4 meters = 100 micrometers Pollen

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-5 meters = 10 micrometers Bacteria

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-6 meters = 1 micrometer Virus on a bacterium

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-7 meters = 100 nanometers A virus

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-8 meters = 10 nanometers The structure of DNA

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-9 meters = 1 nanometer The molecules of DNA

Carbon's outer electron shell PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-10 meters = 100 picometers Carbon's outer electron shell

The inner electron cloud PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-11 meters = 10 picometers The inner electron cloud

Within the electron cloud PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-12 meters = 1 picometer Within the electron cloud

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-13 meters = 100 femtometers The nucleus

10-14 meters = 10 femtometers The nucleus of carbon PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-14 meters = 10 femtometers The nucleus of carbon

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-15 meters = 1 femtometer A proton

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-16 meters = 100 attometers Within the proton

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy 10-17 meters = 10 attometers Quarks and gluons

Constellations PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Constellations - groupings of stars named after mythical heroes, gods, and mystical beasts - made up over at least the last 6000 years - maybe more - used to identify seasons: - farmers know that for most crops, you plant in the spring and harvest in the fall. - in some regions, not much differentiation between the seasons. - different constellations visible at different times of the year - can use them to tell what month it is. For example, Scorpius is only visible in the northern hemisphere's evening sky in the summer. - many of the myths associated with the constellations thought to have been invented to help the farmers remember them - made up stories about them

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Picture at right shows a start chart of the region around the constellation Orion. Picture at the left is an ornate star chart printed in 1835 - shows the great hunter Orion. He is holding a lion's head instead of his traditional bow or shield. He is stalking Taurus, the Bull in the upper right hand corner. Behind him, his faithful dog, Canis Major, is chasing Lepus, the Hare.

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Constellations Western culture constellations originated in Mesopotamia over 5000 years ago- added to by Babylonian, Egyptian, and Greek astronomers - current list is based on those listed by the Roman astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy (~140 AD) In modern world - constellations redefined so now every star in the sky is in exactly one constellation. In 1929, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) adopted official constellation boundaries that defined the 88 official constellations that exist today. asterisms - less formally defined groupings - Big Dipper - part of Ursa Major - Start clusters - Beehive, Pleiades, etc - Orion’s belt - Northern Cross - formed by the leading stars of the constellation Cygnus

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy The Orion Nebula

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Nebulae Nebula - an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen gas and plasma. One of the most beautiful sights in the universe Birthplaces of stars

Located in the sword of the constellation Orion. PHYS 3380 - Astronomy The Orion Nebula Located in the sword of the constellation Orion.

PHYS 3380 - Astronomy The Orion Nebula

Proplyds or Proto Solar Systems in the Orion Nebula PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Proplyds or Proto Solar Systems in the Orion Nebula

Gaseous Pillars - Stellar Nursery PHYS 3380 - Astronomy Gaseous Pillars - Stellar Nursery