New target materials for the SPES Project 18/05/2018 New target materials for the SPES Project Stefano Corradetti INFN-Laboratori di Legnaro

SPES TARGET Work Packages 18/05/2018 SPES TARGET Work Packages WP01 Ion Source developments WP02 Material developments WP03 Laser developments WP04 Target handling WP05 Controls

UCx Chemistry PADOVA Lab Carbide Chemistry LNL Lab 18/05/2018 The TIS SPES Laboratories HT LNL Lab Test Bench LNL Lab UCx Chemistry PADOVA Lab Carbide Chemistry LNL Lab Laser PAVIA Lab

(Two labs are involved!) The Material R&D (Two labs are involved!) 18/05/2018 R&D Started on 2004 ; LaCx test material ->UCx LaCx UCx 13 mm 40 mm TEST MATERIAL FINAL GOAL Good News (!) concerning: 40 mm dia UCx production UCx on line test @ HRIBF 2 EPJA papers published Start production of B4C

Main fission 238U fragments 18/05/2018 Main n-rich SPES beams Surface Ion source Elements with bad volatility (NOT EXTRACTED) Surface Ionization Method 1 2 H He 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 Li Be B C N O F Ne 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 8 Laser beam Laser Ion source Photo Ionization Method Plasma Ionization Method febiad Ion source Main fission 238U fragments

Most Intense isotope (1/s) 18/05/2018 SPES Expected neutron rich beams Element Mass Most Intense isotope (1/s) Ioniz. Eff (%) Target Ionization method R&D (difficulty) Ni 65-69 10+6 6 UCx LIS ** Cu 66-76 7 Zn 72-79 5 Ga 72-84 20 Ge 75-84 10+7 3 *** Kr 85-93 30 FEBIAD Rb 86-94 10+9 65 SIS * Sr 89-96 10+8 SIS+LIS Y 90-97 **** Pd 111-118 Ag 110-120 14 Cd 115-124 10 In 116-128 15 Sn 123-134 Sb 124-135 Te 129-138 Xe 137-142 Cs 134-144 85 Ba 139-146 La 141-145

On-Line Target and Ion Source Testing Facility HRIBF: On-Line Target and Ion Source Testing Facility (low intensity (<50 nA) tests of RIB production targets) 18/05/2018 Beam from Tandem Accelerator Target / Ion Source Beam Diagnostics Dipole Magnet M/DM = 2000 Moving Tape System and g-ray Detector

On-Line Target and Ion Source Testing Facility 18/05/2018 On-Line Target and Ion Source Testing Facility

On line UCx test at HRIBF 18/05/2018 Thanks to Dan Stracener and ORNL-TIS group Seven UC2 samples SPES Target Group (in collaboration with HRIBF) Densities in the range of 4.2 g/cm3 Used the SPES design where the targets are spaced out to allow for enhanced radiation to the walls of the container Heated to 2000° C for about two weeks without any out-gassing or obvious change in structure (samples observed after the on-line test) 7 UCx pellets of 13 mm. diameter

18/05/2018 Effusion test at LNL 4-5 slides di grafici…

SPES UCx prototype Tested on-line @ HRIBF in March 2010 18/05/2018 SPES UCx prototype Tested on-line @ HRIBF in March 2010 Tandem proton beam: E=40MeV, I= 50nA Ttarg = 1600°C; 1800°C; 2000°C OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Intensity Isotopes collected in the Tape System

On line UCx test at HRIBF after (6 days) 40 MeV irradiation 18/05/2018 Target discs status after (6 days) 40 MeV irradiation

New target for next HRIBF test 18/05/2018 SPES UCx-CNT for ORNL : on line test planned for October ‘11

Proton-rich beams for SPES-α 18/05/2018 Proton-rich beams for SPES-α Alkaline - Alkaline earth metals 1 H 2 He 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 55 Cs 56 Ba 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 87 Fr 88 Ra 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr Post-transition elements Halogens Noble gases Transition metals Lanthanides

Medium Mass p-rich beams Possible p-rich RIBs @ SPES Elements with bad volatility Not available with solid targets

Possible p-rich RIBs @ SPES Low Mass p-rich beams Possible p-rich RIBs @ SPES

SiC Target 28Si(p,a)25Al 28Si(p,2pn)26Al SiC (Saint Gobain) Elemento A 18/05/2018 SiC Target Elemento A Half Life Target dedicati Ionizzazione Na 21 22.48 s Al2O3 – SiC - CeS SIS 22 2.6 a Mg 3.86 s LIS-FEBIAD 23 11.3 s Al 24 2.05 s SiC - CeS SIS-LIS 25 7.18 s 26 6.35 s P 29 4.1 s FEBIAD SiC (Saint Gobain) 28Si(p,a)25Al 28Si(p,2pn)26Al

Oxide/Boron Carbide Target 18/05/2018 Oxide/Boron Carbide Target Oxide foams Elemento A Half Life Target dedicati Ionizzazione Be 7 53.29 d B4C - Ossidi LIS-FEBIAD F 17 64.8 s ZrO2 – HfO2 FEBIAD 18 109.7 m Al2O3 Si 26 2.21 s Al2O3 - CeS 27 4.16 s Boron Carbide H3BO3 + C source → B4C

Zr-based target ZrC foam ZrO2 + 3C → ZrC + 2CO As 73 80.3 d ZrC – ZrO2 18/05/2018 Zr-based target Elemento A Half Life Target dedicati Ionizzazione As 73 80.3 d ZrC – ZrO2 FEBIAD 74 17.77 d Br 77 57 h 78 6.46 m Kr 79 34.9 h Rb 80 30 s SIS 81 4.58 h 82 6.3 h 83 86.2 d 84 32.8 d Sr 25.34 d 32.4 h 85 64.9 d ZrC foam ZrO2 + 3C → ZrC + 2CO

Lanthanide-based target 18/05/2018 Lanthanide-based target Elemento A Half Life Target dedicati Ionizzazione I 126 13.11d LaCx - CeS FEBIAD Xe 127 36.4 d CeS Cs 129 32 h SIS 130 29.2 m 131 9.69 d 132 6.47 d Ba 11.5 d La 133 3.91 h 134 6.67 m 135 19.4 h 136 9.9 m Ce 17.76 h LaCx Pr 137 76.6 m 138 2 h 139 4.5 h 140 3.4 m LaCx La2O3 + 11C → 2LaC2 + 4C + 3CO CeS Ce2S3 + CeO2 + 2C → 3CeS + 2CO

TaC target TaC foam Ta2O5 + 7C → 2TaC + 5CO Elemento A Half Life 18/05/2018 TaC target TaC foam Elemento A Half Life Target dedicati Ionizzazione Ho 164 29 m TaC SIS Tm 168 93.1 d Yb 169 32 d Lu 172 6.7 d 173 1.37 a 174 3.31 a Hf 23.6 h FEBIAD Ta2O5 + 7C → 2TaC + 5CO

Lanthanum carbide synthesis High vacuum, high temperature furnace (up to 2100°C, 10-6 mbar)

WP2: Lanthanum carbide synthesis Vertical Carbothermic reduction (1600°C, high vacuum) La2O3 + 11C → 2LaC2 + 4C + 3CO OXIDE + GRAPHITE GREEN PELLETS CARBIDE/GRAPHITE (LaCx) PELLETS

Boron carbide (B4C) production 18/05/2018 Boron carbide (B4C) production Boric acid B(OH)3 + citric acid C6H8O7 Thermal treatment : up to 800°C in low vacuum (5*10-2mbar), 0.5 °C/min up to 1500°C in vacuum with Ar flow (1 mbar), 1÷3°C/min 2 hours at 1500°C Solution of the acid Gel formation Grounding of the dried gel Thermal treated powder High temperature sintering B4C formation after primary thermal treatment HT SINTERING

18/05/2018 B4C 4-5 slides…

Transition metal carbides production 1. High melting point 2. High thermal and electrical conductivity 3. Chemical inertness up to very high temperatures MxOy + (x+y+n)C → xMC + yCO + nC, M=Zr,Ta,Hf ZrC foams As pressed Post-cured Final carbide After burn-out

Graphite foams with different porosity New Graphite disks 18/05/2018 Graphite foams with different porosity (for effusion tests) 40 mm

18/05/2018 Effusion test Impregnate/sputter the target material discs with the different elements Sn Cs Rb

Ionization 1+ and acceleration (30 kV) Effusion tests Coating/impregnation of the porous graphite with calibrated solutions of an element Ionization tests on the element in order to evaluate effusion behavior of the target (“escape” of elements from the target grains/surface to the ion source) Ionization 1+ and acceleration (30 kV)

Off-line Front End (effusion tests)

18/05/2018 Effusion test at LNL 4-5 slides…

Measurement of argon/air permeability of porous samples High permeability ? Fast effusion

18/05/2018 Conclusion