What makes something “living”? Made of cells Levels of organization Use energy Respond to environment Grow Reproduce Adapt Censored

Virus What about Biological things not alive? A infective agent that is a non-living biological particle. Can not Reproduce = Not Alive

Viral Infections The life you save may be your own!!! Viruses do not “live” because they can not reproduce outside a “host” cell. Host: - any organism that is used by a virus or bacteria to complete it’s lifecycle

Host specific: - most virus or bacteria will only affect a single host or a small group of host species Ever feel like this? Viruses attach to specific sites on cells called “docking sites” West Nile Virus – affects birds, horses, and people Influenza type B – affects only people not others Parvo – affects only dogs, not other organisms

Virus Structure: Capsid - an outer casing for protects Surface membrane proteins - act as attachment points to attach to the host. DNA or RNA core - holds the genetic material that will affect the host There may be other components in some viruses

They blow up the cells that they affect!! How do viruses affect you? They blow up the cells that they affect!! Lysis – to break or rupture cells or cell membranes There are two different ways First - Lytic Cycle: steps 1. Attach - Virus “docks” with host cell 2. Inject - virus inject it’s DNA/RNA into host cell 3. Replicate - replication of virus parts 4. Lysis - cell ruptures and new virus’ invade tissues of the host

Stress Second – Lysogenic Cycle 1. Attach 2. Inject 3. Incorporate steps 1. Attach - Same as Lytic 2. Inject - Same as lytic 3. Incorporate - DNA attaches to the cells own DNA 4. Time Goes By Stress 5. Stress 6. Replicate - Same as Lytic 7. Lysis - Same as Lytic

Examples of Lytic Virus infections: Common Colds Caused by rhinoviruses can be contact or airborne contracted Influenza Caused by several types of influenza viruses same as colds Aids/HIV Caused by the aids virus fluid transfers from body to body Tobacco Mosaic Virus Caused by a spiral virus called Tobacco Mosaic Insects transfer from infected plants

Examples of Lysogenic Virus infections Chicken Pox - caused by Herpes Virus Shingles - caused by Herpes Virus Coldsores/ Feverblisters - caused by Herpes Virus Venereal Herpes - caused by Herpes Virus

How does your body fight Viral Infections? Antibiotics do NOTHING for viral infections!! After enough cell debris (from blown up cells) is detected your Immune system gets involved -large white blood cells that get rid of debris by eating it. Macrophage When they eat too much, they die. These dead cells and the cell debris are “puss”

Other white blood cells pick up viral particles from the battle and carry it to Lymph nodes. In the lymph nodes, they look for cells to fight this type of virus. T- cells (thyroid cells) are called upon and go to the site of the infection to kill specific infected cells B-cells (bursal cells) make antibodies that go to the site and kill free viruses The virus is “killed” 21 days from first infection

How does your body fight the Virus

Prokaryotic Cells Archae-Bacteria Two kingdoms Extremophiles acid temps at 88oC (190oF) Anaerobic (generally) Most will die in presence of O2 Chemotrophic Use Chemicals to perform the process of “Light Reaction” Currently just over 1,000 species known

EuBacteria Several phyla and other families. Over 5,000 known species Aerobic and Anaerobic Most live in Aerobic environments. Both Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Most are Autotrophic such as Cyanobacteria Heterotrophic include most disease causing bacteria

But how do you know what Bacteria it is?!!!! You determine what it is by its shape? Bacterial Shapes three shapes. Cocci - spherical shaped Spirilla – corkscrew shaped Bacilli – rod shaped

Diseases of Bacteria: 1. Coccus diseases Streptococcus pharyngitis Strep throat Neisseria meningitidis Bacterial meningitis 2. Bacillus diseases Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Yersinia Pestis Bubonic Plague 3. Spirillum diseases Treponema pallidum Syphillis Borellia burgdorferia Lyme disease

Antibiotics kill Bacteria! Bacteria hurt you by…………. Poisoning your cells!!! Once inside the host, they begin to release metabolic waste. Your Immune system usually can not fight bacterial infections alone. Antibiotics kill Bacteria!

Growth of Bacteria: Binary Fission: Conjugation: Spore Formation: Similar to Mitosis - splitting Conjugation: Similar to sexual reproduction. Passing of genetic material conjugative connection spore Spore Formation: Creating hard coatings to protect during unfavorable conditions.

Protista Protista have many things in common with your cells: Nucleus and organelles. Cell membranes Ability to move (like macrophages) Appendages (Flagella like sperm) Variety of shapes But there are some differences: They are single celled They may have shells Modes of eating like plant like animal like both!!

Classifications: I. Animal-like Protists. II. Plant-like Protists. Amoeba Euglena II. Plant-like Protists. Diatom Algae III. Fungus-like Protists. Slime mold

Diseases of Protists: Sleeping sickness Chagas Disease Malaria Giardia carried by the Tsetse fly in Africa Chagas Disease carried by the Kissing bug Malaria carried by a certain mosquito (Anopholese) Giardia carried in unclean water

Review for test Define terms Questions Virus Host Host Specific Capsid Surface Membrane Proteins Nucleic acid Core Lysis Macrophase T-cells B-cells Archae-Bacteria Extremophiles Eubacteria Chemotrophic Bacillus Cocci Spirillum Binary Fission Conjugation Spore Formation Questions What are the characteristics of living things? Compare and contrast Lytic and Lysogenic Infections. Give examples of virus that affect you with lytic or lysogenic infections. How do virus affect you versus how bacteria affect you? Draw and label a virus. Draw and label a bacteria. Give examples of the three different types of bacteria (diseases) What are the differences in the ways bacteria can reproduce?