Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety Awareness . Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety Awareness Matthew H. Smith, M.S. Dade Moeller msmith@dademoeller.com

Acknowledgements John Leonowich, Ph.D., late UNLV-RSO and PNNL Staff Scientist Maurice Bitran, Ph.D., University of Toronto Light Measurement Handbook, International Light (Alex Ryer) Narda-STS IEEE C95 Standards Series

Agenda Module 1: NIR Overview and Introduction Module 2: NIR Bio-effects Module 3: NIR Standards Module 4: NIR Sources and Assessment Module 5: NIR Hazard Calculations Module 6: NIR Measurements & Program Implementation

Standards Based Approach to NIR Safety Awareness Using IEEE C95.7TM-2014 as a basis Also see: S&IH TS 3.4-170-07, “Electric and Magnetic Field Exposure Assessment” See Table 2: “6-Step Quick-Start Procedure” Step 1. Need for a Safety Program New equipment or process Increase in NIR levels Employee/Public concerns External Audit

IEEE Quick Start Procedure Step 2. Compliance criteria (IEEE, FCC, ACGIH, ICNIRP) …Will Discuss in Modules 2 (Bio-effects) and 3 (Standards)… Step 3. Source inventory/Potentially exposed population …Will Discuss in Module 4 (Sources of NIR and Assessment Approach)…

IEEE Quick Start Procedure Step 4. Evaluating the Potential Exposure Vendor Information Calculation Measurement Accident Reports …Will Discuss in Modules 4 (Sources of NIR and Assessment Approach), 5 (Hazard Calculation and Classification), and 6 (NIR Measurement)…

IEEE Quick Start Procedure Step 5. Categorize the Source Hazard …Will Discuss in Module 5 (Hazard Calculation and Classification)… Step 6. Implement NIR Controls …Will Discuss in Module 6 (Measurements & Program Implementation)…

Questions? ….or topics that you would like to focus on?....

NIR Overview and Introduction to Electromagnetics Non-Ionizing Radiation Does not separate electrons from atoms Affects matter by transfer of energy into rotation or vibration states 12.4 eV, 100 nm NIR Regions Optical Radiofrequency & Microwave Sub-radiofrequency & static fields

Electromagnetic Spectrum Frequency (Hz) 1 GHz 1 MHz 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 Gamma Rays UV Infrared visible Microwaves x-rays Nd-YAG TV FM Long Wave CO2 10-12 10-9 10-6 10-3 1.0 103 1 pm 1 nm 1 m 1 mm 1 m 1 km Wavelength (m) CCHPS-CHP Review: RF/MW & Lasers

Optical Spectrum

The Ultraviolet Spectrum

NIR Regions: Optical Optical Radiation Ultraviolet (100 – 400 nm) Visible (400 – 760 nm) Infrared (760 nm – 1 mm) Lasers (100 nm – 1 mm)

NIR Regions: Electromagnetic Fields Static Electric and Magnetic Fields Sub-radiofrequency Electric and Magnetic Fields (~1 Hz – 3 kHz) Radiofrequency and Microwave (3 kHz – 300 GHz)

Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics Electric field Vector (E) and Magnetic Field Vector (H) are orthogonal and in phase E: Volts/m, (V/m) H: Amperes/m (A/m)

Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics II – Velocity, Wavelength, and Frequency Velocity of the wave (c) is the speed it advances in free space. Velocity is perpendicular to E and H and in the same direction as the Poynting vector S. Wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν) are related by: c = λν, where c = 3 x 108 m/s

Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics III - Energy Energy per photon given by: E = h ν, where h (Planck’s constant) = 6.6262 x 10-34 J-sec; 1 J = 6.24 x 1012 MeV

Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics IV – Power Density (W) Energy carried in an electromagnetic wave is usually expressed as energy passing through a fixed area per unit time. The Poynting Vector (the vector product of E and H) represents the power density (W) of energy propagation. Units: W/m2 or mW/cm2, [(W/m2)/10 = (mW/cm2)]

Electromagnetic Wave Characteristics V - Impedance Ratio of E to H is characteristic impedance Zo = |E/H| = 377 Ohms W = E2/377 = 377 H2 W(mW/cm2 )= E2/3770 W(mW/cm2 ) = H2 x 37.7

Units of Magnetic Field Quantity Symbol Units Abbr Magnetic Field Strength H Amperes/meter A/m Magnetic Flux Density B Tesla T 1 Tesla = 104 gauss (G) 1 μT = 10 mG 1 A/m = 1.26 μT = 12.6 mG

Light Units Radiant Energy: J, Q Radiant Flux or Radiant Power: W, Φ Radiant Exposure (H): J/cm2 Irradiance (E): W/cm2 Remember 1 W = J/s Effective Irradiance (W/cm2): Weighted in proportion to the biological or chemical effect that light has on a substance

Questions?