Status of European and German Fish Stocks Rainer Froese BfN Koordinatoren Treffen Vilm, 4. April 2017

Outline Information in FishBase Information in SealifeBase AquaMaps: 25,000 species maps Species change in Baltic and North Sea Ecosystem modeling Status and development of European fisheries Status of fisheries in the German EEZ Status of western Baltic cod

Information in FishBase

Information in FishBase Trophic Ecology Ecology ● Predators Food items Diet composition Food consumption Ration Reproduction & Life History Maturity ● Spawning ● Eggs Larvae ● Broodstock ● Fry nursery Larval dynamics ● Larval speed Genetics & Aquaculture Electrophoresis Heritability ● Strains Population Dynamics Growth/Mortality ● L/W relations Maximum sizes ● Recruitment L/L relations ● Length frequency Fish as Food Processing ● Ciguatera FAO catches Aquaculture (production) Other Tables Pictures ● References Biblio ● Keys ● Sounds Information in FishBase Distribution Occurrence ● FAO areas Country ● Ecosystem Introductions Morphology & Physiology Metabolism ● Gill area Vision ● Disease Brain ● Abnormalities Ecotoxicology ● Swim mode

Information in FishBase From literature 33,400 fish species (from freshwater, brackish and marine environments) Up-to-date taxonomy (valid names and synonyms (86,896)) and distribution, Common names (319,057) in 347 languages for 254 countries, Size (maximum lengths) 29,500 species, Longevity (maximum age) 1,314 species Age at maturity (2,228 age at maturity records), Reproductive mode (11,584 species), Fecundity (2,191 records), Growth (10,592 records for 2,318 species), Oxygen consumption (7,000 records for 210 species) Diet (6,857 for 2,264 species), © J.E. Randall

Information in SealifeBase

Content of SLB Information like in FishBase for 50,000 non-fish species All marine mammals, reptiles, corals, commercial species Information less complete than in FishBase, but same structure and continuously growing

Information in AquaMaps

Content of AquaMaps Half-degree cells, ~ 290,000 globally 25,000 species, half of all fishes, complete for marine mammals and some other smaller groups HSPEN: Table with min-max and preferred range (trapezoid) for depth, temperature, salinity, primary productivity [oxygen next, acidity possible] HCAF: Table with environmental data (depth, temperature, salinity, primary productivity, …) for every cell for current, 2050 and 2100 HSPEC: Table (100 million records) with suitability of very cell for every species

2050 Change in Species Composition Jaccard distance, percent change relative to 2014, Power Scale, preliminary results.

2050 Loss of Species Loss of species relative to 2014, in percent, Power Scale, preliminary results

2050 New Species Percent of new species in 2050 total, power scale, preliminary data

Species Change in North Sea and Baltic Sea

Change in species composition in the year 2050 based on Jaccard‘s distance (average ~ 15%)

Percentage of species lost and gained in each cell in the North Sea in the year 2050

Change in species composition in the year 2050 based on Jaccard‘s distance (average ~ 50%)

Percentage of species lost and gained in each cell in the Baltic Sea in the year 2050

Ecosystem Modeling

Nahrungsnetz der südlichen Nordsee im Bereich der deutschen AWZ Trophische Flüsse zum (grün) und weg vom (braun) Sandaalbestand = Import von Nahrung aus angrenzenden Ökosystemen = Immigration aus angrenzenden Ökosystemen Trophisches Niveau Opitz et al. , unveröffentlicht

Nahrungsnetz der westlichen Ostsee Trophische Flüsse zum (grün) und weg vom (braun) Heringsbestand = Import von Nahrung aus angrenzenden Ökosystemen = Immigration aus angrenzenden Ökosystemen Mak Trophisches Niveau Opitz et al. , unveröffentlicht,

Nahrungsnetz der westlichen Ostsee Modellanpassungen für Biomasse und Fang von Dorsch, Hering und Kliesche. Zahlen hinter dem Doppelpunkt sind Angaben für die Anpassung der Messdaten an die Modellrechnung (sum of squares – je kleiner die Zahl umso besser die Anpassung). Opitz et al. , unveröffentlicht

Next Steps with Modeling Explore future biomass development under different exploitation scenarios Explore future effects of closure of Natura 2000 areas to fishing

Status and Development of European Fisheries

Reminder of Symbols and Terms MSY is the maximum sustainable yield, the maximum long- term catch Bmsy is the smallest biomass that can produce MSY F is the fishing mortality rate, the proportion of fish killed by fishing Fmsy is the fishing mortality rate resulting eventually in Bmsy and MSY Bpa is the border of safe biological limits, the biomass below wich recruitment may be impaired

European Stocks in 2013-2015 ◄ Management Decision ► ◄ F & Reproduction & Growth ► PR_Graphs.xlsx Analysis of 397 stocks in European Seas and adjacent waters. Froese et al. 2016.

CFP compliance by Ecoregion 2013-2015 Froese et al. 2016 Rebuilding_11.docx

Percentage of Stocks at or above Bmsy Rebuilding_11.docx Best rebuilding under the 0.5 Fmsy scenario, worst under the 0.95 Fmsy scenario Froese et al. (in prep)

Percentage of Depleted Stocks Rebuilding_11.docx Best rebuilding under the 0.5 Fmsy scenario, worst under the 0.95 Fmsy scenario Froese et al. (in prep)

Profitability Good profits for the 0.5 – 0.8 Fmsy scenarios Low profit for the 0.95 Fmsy scenario Froese et al. (in prep)

PR_Graphs.xlsx Analysis of current (2013 -2015) and potential catches for 397 stocks in European Seas. Because of trophic interactions, all stocks cannot support maximum yields simultaneously. Froese et al. 2016.

Status of Fisheries in the German EEZ

North Sea 45 North Sea stocks in a pressure (F/Fmsy) – state (B/Bmsy) plot. The red area indicates stocks that are being overfished or are outside of safe biological limits. The yellow area indicates recovering stocks. The green area indicates stocks subject to sustainable fishing pressure and of a healthy stock size.

North Sea: Catch/MSY Catches by main functional group relative to their maximum sustainable yield (MSY, black line), for 45 stocks in the Greater North Sea. All groups could provide higher catches under sustainable management.

North Sea: Biomass Median biomass relative to the level that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (B/Bmsy) for 45 stocks in the North Sea assigned to main functional groups. All functional groups are well below the MSY-level, with no visible trend of increase.

North Sea: Fishing Pressure Median fishing pressure relative to the maximum sustainable level (F/Fmsy) for 45 stocks in the North Sea assigned to main functional groups. The median fishing pressure is near the MSY-level in recent years, with about 50% of the stocks continuing to be overfished.

Baltic Sea 20 Baltic Sea stocks in a pressure (F/Fmsy) – state (B/Bmsy) plot. The red area indicates stocks that are being overfished or are outside of safe biological limits. The yellow area indicates recovering stocks. The green area indicates stocks subject to sustainable fishing pressure and of a healthy stock size that can produce high yields close to MSY.

Baltic Sea: Catch/MSY Catches by main functional group relative to their maximum sustainable yield for 20 stocks in the Baltic Sea. Sprat and herring supported catches around the precautionary lower confidence limit of MSY (dashed line). Flatfish supported catches below but near the precautionary level. Since 2002, the low biomass of cod, salmon and sea trout produced catches well below precautionary sustainable levels.

Baltic Sea: Biomass Median biomass (B/Bmsy) for 20 stocks in the Baltic Sea assigned to main functional groups. Large predators (red curve) and pelagic plankton feeders (green curve) have biomass levels well below Bmsy, without a clear upward trend. In contrast, flatfish have recovered well in recent years.

Baltic Sea: Fishing Pressure Median fishing pressure F/Fmsy for 20 stocks in the Baltic. Large predators (red curve) are subject to severe overfishing. Pelagic plankton feeders (green curve) were overfished before 2010 and were exploited at the maximum sustainable level afterwards. Flatfish were overfished until 2008 but were exploited below the precautionary sustainable level since 2011, allowing for the strong increase in biomass after 2012 (see above).

Status of Western Baltic Cod

Western Baltic Cod 2012 ICES Advice, May 2012

Western Baltic Cod 2016 ICES Advice, October 2016

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