The Age of Exploration

Major World Religions by 1500

Major Religions and Location 1. Judaism: Eastern Europe and esp. Middle East (Israel)

2. Christianity: Europe and Middle East

3. Islam: Parts of Asia, Africa, and Middle East (orange below)

4. Hinduism: India and parts of Southeast Asia

5. Buddhism: East and SE Asia

TRADE: Where they traded and what they traded in 1500

Trade Patterns Linking Europe, Asia, and Africa What are some different routes people would take to trade over the 3 continents?

Importance?: Exchange of products and ideas! Trade Routes: Silk Road across Asia to Mediterranean basin Maritime (water) routes across the Indian Ocean Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa Black Sea connects Northern Europe to Asia Western Europe is reached by seas and rivers South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia Importance?: Exchange of products and ideas!

What’d they trade? Out of China: Out of India and Middle East: Paper, Compass, silk, porcelain Out of India and Middle East: Textiles (cloth), number system Scientific Knowledge: Medicine, Astronomy, Math!

High demand in Europe for wealth and natural resources, esp High demand in Europe for wealth and natural resources, esp. gold and spices Reformation Need to spread Christianity Competition between Europe’s countries

4. New navigation tools from Europe and Middle East made it easier! Locates the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars, determining local time given latitude and vice versa Astrolabe Compass

5. Pioneering role of Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Portuguese prince who funded explorers

Importance of Henry: Began the Age of Discovery—estab. New trade routes and much needed maps of Africa This map of North Africa was made in 1541, based on the Portuguese voyages of exploration.

Europeans Begin to Explore Europe in the New World and its Impact

Intro: Europeans migrated to new colonies in the Americas, creating new cultural and social patterns. Americas Africa Asia

The Americas

The Americas European countries began to claim territory in the Americas and Europeans migrated in large numbers Colonies adopted similar cultures as their mother countries Ex) Mexico City being like Spanish cities In Latin America—rigid class system and dictatorial (one dude, mean) rule emerged Ex) Chris Columbus, Pizzaro, Cortez

The Aztec and Inca Empires collapse!! Mass deaths due to disease and violence Watch video from History Channel

Religion: Spread of Christianity to Amerindians • Christianity spread with migrating colonists/missionaries to Amerindians Colonists carried their faith, culture, and language (Catholic Spain v. Protestant England) • Conversion of Indians important to European countries! Often happened by force

Africa

Europeans established trade posts on the coast, where they traded slaves, gold, spices, etc. Africa

Europe’s Impact on Asia Small groups of merchants colonized in Asia—India, China, East Indies Europeans could now trade straight with Asia because Portugal found the route around the Cape of Good Hope! Portuguese, Dutch, and British trading companies established posts there Lasting impact HUGE profits for Europeans on Asian products, leads to colonization in Asia, too 

Vasco da Gama (1497) Sponsored by Portugal First to reach Calicut, India, by going around the Cape of Good Hope

Christopher Columbus (1492) Sponsored by Spain “Discovery” of Americas set off European exploration age

Hernan Cortes (1521) Spanish conquistador who led the conquering of the Aztecs, and brought large portions of Mexico under Spanish control

Francisco Pizzaro (1531) Spanish conquistador who conquered the INCAN empire (Peru)

Ferdinand Magellan (1519-22) Spain first circumnavigation of the earth (To travel all the way around the globe)

Sir Francis Drake First Englishman to circumnavigate the globe from 1577-1580, also helped defeat the Spanish Armada of 1588 Was the most renowned seaman of the Elizabethan era!

Jacques Cartier (1534) French explorer most known for exploring the St. Lawrence River and claimed Canada for France! (Supposed to find route to the East Indies)

Columbian exchange

Columbian Exchange—what is it? Exchange of plants, animals, goods, and IDEAS between the Old and New World that Columbus’ voyage sparked

Western Hemisphere (Americas) Eastern Hemisphere (Europe) What is Exchanged Western Hemisphere (Americas) Agriculture: corn, potatoes, TOBACCO Eastern Hemisphere (Europe) Horses, cattle, DISEASE-smallpox, malaria, SLAVES! Impact: Labor shortage for crops leads to use of African slaves (Lack of indentured servants and Indians) African slavery was eventually based on race Plantations (fancy farms) in the Americas destroyed Indian economies and environment

The Atlantic Slave Trade

African Slave Trade Begins Began in 15th century (late 1400s) European trading posts along the coasts Trade in slaves, gold and other products Dominated by the Dutch (Netherlands) and English

Triangular Trade: Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas Exchanged of slaves, sugar, rum, gold, and silver

Middle Passage Part of the Triangular Trade—millions of Africans were taken to America as part of the Atlantic slave trade Kidnapped slaves were traded for European goods 10 -12 million Africans **Dominated by Portugal and England

Impact of Precious Metals Gold and silver were mass exports from America to Europe and Asia Indigenous (Indian) Empires negatively impacted by gold trade—conquered and slaved away in gold mines Spain and International Trade grew thanks to gold/silver: Spain had initial wealth, but later experienced inflation Europe grows wealth through trade with Asia

Mercantilism and Commercial Revolution Created by International Trade and Colonization Relationship between colonizing country and colony

Look at all that trading! Commercial Revolution Colonies will be defined by what the “Mother Country” needs

Commercial Revolution (COMMERCE=TRADE) European maritime (on the water) nations competed for overseas markets, colonies, and resources. Based on the idea that there’s a limited amount of wealth in the world!

Commercial Revolution (contd) A new economic system emerged…. New money and banking systems were created. Economic practices like mercantilism evolved. Colonial economies were limited by the economic needs of the mother country. 

Mercantilism: EXPORTS > IMPORTS! An economic practice adopted by European colonial powers in an effort to become self-sufficient (not rely on other countries for goods) Based on the theory that colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country EXPORTS > IMPORTS! Exports: Merchandise leaving a country Imports: Merchandise coming in

Wealth measured by amount of gold and silver a country had! Colonies had to buy the manufactured goods produced in Europe, and became sources of raw materials for mother country

Ottoman Empire, 1299-1933

Where We Left Off: Ottomans were Turkish Muslims Took Constantinople from Byzantines in 1453- renamed it Istanbul (3 names will be on test!) Power reaches height in 1500/1600s Took control of much of Muslim territory in SW Asia and North Africa Islam will be a unifying force in the Ottoman Empire!!

Ottomans blocked the trade routes of Europe—led to Age of Exploration Empire Included: Ottomans blocked the trade routes of Europe—led to Age of Exploration • Southwest Asia • Southeastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula • North Africa Primary Exports: Coffee and Ceramics

Mughal Empire

Mughal Empire Descendents of the Mongols established this empire in Northern India CONTRIBUTIONS: 1. Spread of Islam into India Today: 2nd most popular religion in India—13% practice

2. Architecture: Taj Mahal

Southern India remained independent 3. Trade Relationship with European Nations Portugal, England, and the Netherlands competed for Indian trade by establishing trade posts there Biggest export: textiles Came to dominate English trade more than spices Southern India remained independent and had separate trade relationships with Europe—silk, spices, and gems

China and Japan

Sought to limit influence of European traders China Creation of foreign enclaves (European colonies) to control trade Imperial policy of controlling foreign influences and trade Increase in European demand for Chinese goods (tea, porcelain)

Characterized by powerless emperor, ruled by military leader (Shogun) From 1603 through 1869, Japan was ruled by a series of shoguns known as the Tokugawa Shogunate Japan Characterized by powerless emperor, ruled by military leader (Shogun) Adopted policy of isolation to limit foreign influences

Africa Slave trade and demand for imports changed trade patterns in Africa African Exports: Slaves & Raw materials (Gold, Ivory)  African Imports: Manufactured goods from Europe, Asia and America New food products: corn and peanuts