Figure 1 Systems involved in the maintenance of postural stability.1

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Figure 1 Systems involved in the maintenance of postural stability.1 From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 2 Visual and visual field dependence tests: (A) high- and low-contrast visual acuity, (B) contrast sensitivity, (C) visual field dependence. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 3 Peripheral sensation tests: (A) tactile sensitivity, (B) vibration sense, (C) proprioception. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 4 Muscle force tests: (A) knee flexion, (B) knee extension, (C) ankle dorsiflexion. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 5 Reaction time tests: (A) hand, (B) foot. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 6 Postural sway tests: (A) standing on the floor, (B) standing on a foam rubber mat. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 7 Falls risk graph for a 79-year-old woman Figure 7 Falls risk graph for a 79-year-old woman. Normal ranged based on data for a randomly selected sample of 550 community-dwelling women aged 20 to 99 years.15 From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 8 Comprehensive Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) z-score output for a 79-year-old woman. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 9 Physiological Profile Assessment z-score outputs for various groups: (A) young adult (27 years of age), falls risk score=−0.87; (B) older person with macular degeneration (82 years of age), falls risk score=1.55; (C) person with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (67 years of ages), falls risk score=1.55; (D) older person with a history of poliomyelitis, (51 years of age) falls risk score=1.75. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 10 Physiological Profile Assessment z-score output for a 79-year-old woman before and after 12-month exercise intervention. Initial scores are shown in black, and retest scores are shown in white. Improvements are evident for proprioception, lower-extremity muscle force, and postural sway following the intervention. From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association

Figure 11 Falls risk graph of a 79-year-old woman before and after 12-month exercise intervention. The initial falls risk score was 2.7, and the retest falls risk score was 0.93. Normal range based on data for a randomly selected sample of 550 community-dwelling women aged 20 to 99 years From: A Physiological Profile Approach to Falls Risk Assessment and Prevention Phys Ther. 2003;83(3):237-252. doi:10.1093/ptj/83.3.237 Phys Ther | © 2003 American Physical Therapy Association