Industry and Urban Growth Chapter 18

A New Industrial Revolution Section 1

Factors Leading to the Industrial Boom Westward expansion provided access to vast deposits of coal, iron, lead, and copper. Pacific Northwest furnished lumber for building Government policies Congress gave land grants and other subsidies to railroads and other businesses. kept tariffs high, which made foreign goods expensive Railroads Trains carried people and goods west.

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation Bessemer process allowed people to make stronger steel at a lower cost Steel replaced iron as the basic building material of industry. Oil refining methods Crude oil refined into lubricants for machines and gasoline to power engines and automobiles

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation Electrical power plant Thomas Edison opened first one in 1882 in New York City allowed people to use inventions such as the light bulb , the phonograph, and the motion picture camera

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation Telegraph improved communication for American Business Underwater telegraph sped up communications with Europe

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation Telephone invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 device that carried human voice

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation Typewriter made office work faster and cheaper

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation Automobile • ushered in an era of freer and faster transportation Assembly line • introduced by Henry Ford in 1913 to mass produce cars

Inventions That Spurred Industry, Business, and Transportation Gas powered airplane first tested by the Wright Brothers in 1903 later used by the military during WWI (World War 1)

Big Business and Organized Labor Section 2

Corporation businesses owned by investors raised capital by selling stock run by a board of directors limited risk for investors shareholders received share of the profits

Trust consisted of a group of corporations run by a board of directors by 1900, dominated many of the nation’s key industries used Social Darwinism to justify efforts to limit competition Let’s think: What is a trust? What is Social Darwinism?

Monopoly a company that controls most or all business in a particular industry Let’s think: What are some examples of monopolies in the late 1800s?

Banks huge loans helped industry grow faster J. Pierpont Morgan: most powerful force in the American Economy

Andrew Carnegie controlled steel industry according to Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth philosophy, the rich had a duty to improve society Andrew Carnegie Video

John D. Rockefeller used profits from his first oil refinery to buy other oil companies formed the Standard Oil Trust , which ended competition in the oil industry

Debate over big business Arguments for: Arguments against: Lowered the price of goods Built up the economy Created jobs Threat to free enterprise Business leaders used their wealth to influence politicians 4A Let’s think: What is big business? What is free enterprise?

Workplace Conditions Knights of Labor Labor Unions Hours: long Pay: low Conditions: often dangerous employers not required to pay compensation for workplace injuries Goals: safer working conditions, higher wages, shorter hours Early Unions: Knights of Labor AFL –American Federation of Labor 4B

Let’s think: What were the conditions like for factory workers? What is a union?

Strikes become Violent 2 major strikes occurred in or near Chicago The Haymarket Square Riot in 1886 At a rally in support of striking workers a bomb went off Killed 7 police officers and numerous rioters 8 men were tried in connection with the bombing, although we still don’t know who put the bomb there The Pullman strike in 1894 Pullman made railroad cars Strikers walked off their jobs Rail lines were shut down Federal troops were sent in to end the strike *The public typically sided with the owners not the strikers* Child Labor and Unions

Cities Grow and Change Section 3

Urbanization Urbanization: the rapid growth of City population Why people were attracted to cities: industry provided jobs in cities To meet the needs of shoppers, merchants developed the department store, which sold many kinds of goods in one store Kinds of leisure activities cities offered: shopping, museums, orchestras, art galleries, theaters, parks, circuses, sporting events.

Expanding Cities Steel bridges helped speed up growth of suburbs. Public transportation: subways, streetcars, elevated trains. Public transportation gave rise to new living areas called suburbs. Steel bridges helped speed up growth of suburbs. New types of buildings: Skyscrapers Tenements

Skyscrapers and Steel Bridges Flat Iron Building: completed 1902 Brooklyn Bridge: completed 1883

Living Patterns Lived in oldest sections at cities’ centers: poor families Lived away from city centers in row houses and apartments: middle class Lived in fine homes on outskirts of cities: the rich

Rich Poor

Problems of Urban Life Fires endangered those in overcrowded neighborhoods. Tenement life was bleak and crowded. Slum streets were littered with garbage. Disease was caused by poor sanitation.

Many times more than one family would live in a small tenement apartment Let’s think: What are some of the cons, or negatives, to living in the city?

Solutions to Problems Installed street lights Provided by cities: Installed street lights Setup fire, sanitation, and police departments Waged war on disease Provided by religious groups: Setup hospitals and clinics for the poor Gave food, clothing, and shelter to the homeless Provided by reformers: Setup settlement houses, where volunteers helped the poor by teaching immigrants English, sponsoring music and sports for young people, and providing nurseries for children of working mothers

Jane Addams and Hull House Set up Hull House in Chicago Hull House became a safe place for the poor Taught English to immigrants, opened day care centers, sponsored music and dance classes, opened the city’s first public play ground, served meals Jane Addams was the 1st American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

Review 18.1 What is an assembly line? What was the Bessemer process? What are tariffs? How did they affect the American Economy in the late 1800s? Who was Henry Ford? What did he do?

Review 18.2 Who was Andrew Carnegie? How did Rockefeller control the oil industry? What is a trust? What were some arguments for and against big business? Who were the Knights of Labor? Who were the American Federation of Labor?

Review 18.3 What is Urbanization? What are some problems with urban life? What were some solutions to the problems of urban life? What were the causes and effects of the rapid growth of cities? What leisure activities did people who lived in the city enjoy?