Next Families in Organic Chemistry

Alcohols Functional group is the group of atoms responsible for the characteristic properties of a series of organic compounds In the alcohols it is the OH [hydroxyl] group General Formula CnH2n+1OH Members of this Homologous Series are Methanol CH3OH Ethanol C2H5OH Propanol C3H7OH Butanol C4H9OH etc.

Primary Alcohols H H H | | | H - C - C - C - OH Propan-1-ol H H H | | | H - C - C - C - OH H H H Propan-1-ol The C to which the OH is attached has only got one C attached directly to it.

Secondary Alcohols H H H | | | H - C - C - C - H H OH H Propan-2-ol | | | H - C - C - C - H H OH H Propan-2-ol The C to which the OH is attached has got two C’s attached directly to it.

Distillation Distillation [fractional] produces spirits Concentrates the alcohol whiskey [whisky - scotch] gin vodka brandy about 40% v/v ethanol In 100 cm3 – 40 cm3 alcohol / 60 cm3 H2O

Effects of alcohol All are toxic methanol especially toxic ethanol is only alcohol for drinking relaxes muscles and reduces inhibitions affects CNS - depresses activity slows reaction time impairs judgement

40 mg per 100 cm3 of blood legal limit for driving volatile enough to pass from blood to air in lungs and can be measured in exhaled air it is addictive liver damage brain damage lots of other bits also damaged

Uses of alcohols Beverage Fuel Solvent – Beer 4% Wine 12% Spirit 35-40% Fuel On own Gasohol - 20% alcohol Solvent – dissolves both ionic and covalent Preservative of biological specimens

Aldehydes

[R can be H or alkyl group] Functional group CHO R — C = O  H [R can be H or alkyl group] Methanal HCHO Ethanal CH3CHO Propanal C2H5CHO Butanal C3H7CHO

Show chemical, expanded and condensed structural formulae e. g Show chemical, expanded and condensed structural formulae e.g. 2-methylbutanal CH3CH2CH(CH3)CHO H H H | | | H - C - C - C – C = O | | | | H H CH3 H N.B. number from the functional group. Name aldehyde is derived from Alcohol dehydrogenation

Ketones

Ketones R R’ — C O R and R’ = alkyl group it cannot be an H or the compound would be an Aldehyde

O — — CH3 — C — C2H5 Names up to C4 Propanone - CH3.CO.CH3 Butanone – C2H5.CO.CH3 O — — CH3 — C — C2H5

Carboxylic acids

Functional Group ▬ COOH — C O R can be alkyl group or H

Names Methanoic acid HCOOH [formic acid] Sting of ants and nettles Ethanoic acid CH3COOH [acetic acid or vinegar] Propanoic acid C2H5COOH , Butanoic acid C3H7COOH. Count the C of the COOH in name.

(i) Natural Production Oxidation of alcohols by atmospheric oxygen assisted by the bacterium Mycoderma aceti which is carried on the feet of the vinegar fly. [fruit fly] Wine vinegar and malt vinegar are made this way. C2H5OH + O2 = CH3COOH + H2O

In a family of organic compounds, what effect does the carbon chain getting longer have on The melting point  - Increases as there are more forces to break The boiling point – Increases as long chains wrap around each other making them hard to separate The solubility – Decreases in water as non polar part increases The density - Increases