KEY ISSUE #4 Why Do Migrants Face Challenges Transportation improvements have promoted globalization (cars, boats, trains and planes) and diminished the environmental features that would have once created intervening obstacles The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Government Immigration Policies Most countries have adopted selective immigration policies that admit some types of immigrants but not others. 2 reasons visas granted for specific employment placement family reunification The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Government Immigration Policies The U.N. classifies countries according to four types of immigration polices Maintain the current level of immigration Increase the level Reduce the level No policies in place Book gives many numbers on which countries promote immigration The global quota was set to 700,000 in 1990. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unauthorized Immigration Unauthorized immigrants (a.k.a. Undocumented immigrant or illegal alien) are those who enter a country without proper documents. Pew Hispanic Center estimated 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants living in U.S. 2014 – (2008 recession would start a trend of more leaving than entering U.S. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unauthorized Immigration Distribution: California and Texas have the largest number of immigrants while Nevada has highest % Source Country: More than ½ of unauthorized immigrants emigrate from Mexico – rest from Latin America and other regions of world © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

FIGURE 3-34 NUMBER OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRANTS TO THE UNITED STATES Most unauthorized immigrants in the United States are from Mexico. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Unauthorized Immigration Children: 1 million children are included in the 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants. Estimates are over 4.5 million babies have been born to unauthorized immigrants making the children legal by law. Years in the United States: 61% of unauthorized immigrants have resided in U.S. for 10 years or more. Labor Force: Likely employed in construction and hospitality (food/ lodging) 8 million unauthorized immigrants are currently employed. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. Quota Laws - Controlling Migration More seek admission to the U.S. than is permitted by the quotas - Initial quotas laws were designed to allow more Europeans to the United States, rather than Asians. 1965- Quotas for individual countries (1924) are replaced with hemisphere quotas. 1978- Hemisphere quotas replaced by global quotas set to 700,000 by 1990. Quotas do not apply to refugees. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. Quota Laws - Controlling Migration U.S. congress preferences are shown toward: Family Reunification - About ¾ of immigrants Skilled Workers - Approximately ¼ of immigrants Diversity A few immigrants admitted, because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants Quotas do not apply to refugees. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. Quota Laws - Controlling Migration Not included are: Refugees – admitted if they are judged to be genuine. Also without limits – spouses, children and parents of U.S. citizens. Quotas do not apply to refugees. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. Quota Laws - Controlling Migration Numbers can be unpredictable in developed countries because of brain drain – the emigration of talented people - giving preference to skilled workers (scientists, doctors, nurses) in a large- scale. Asians in the U.S. have made good use of the priorities set by U.S. quota law leading to chain migration – migration of people to a specific location because of relatives or members that have previously migrated there (Chinatown, Armenians). Quotas do not apply to refugees. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. – Mexico Border Issues Mexico’s Border with the United States View from the U.S. recognizes motives that compel unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally Employment Opportunities Family Reunification Better Way of Life Mexico’s government estiamtes nearly 2 million people a year cross into Mexico illegally through its southern border. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

U.S. – Mexico Border Issues View from Mexico is more complex Residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants. Residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala. Mexico’s government estiamtes nearly 2 million people a year cross into Mexico illegally through its southern border. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Immigration Concerns in the U.S. Most views of immigration by U.S. citizens are ambivalent in nature. Urban Institute estimated 11.3 million undocumented immigrants (58%) form Mexico. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Immigration Concerns in the U.S. Some people favor more effective Border Patrol They would like more effective border control, but they don’t want to spend more money (fences) to solve the issue. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

WORKPLACE Others recognize most recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs from U.S. citizens, but they understand most citizens wouldn’t take the jobs so they support (Amnesty) or a path to U.S. citizenship for these unauthorized immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes toward Immigrants Civil Rights U.S. citizens favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone, but they fear civil rights will be infringed upon of U.S. citizens, as a result of racial profiling. Local Initiatives Polls suggest U.S. citizens believe unauthorized immigration is a pressing matter to the nation, but dealt with at federal level. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes toward Immigrants Many were opposed to Arizona’s 2010 law that obligated foreigners to carry a proof of citizenship with them at all times. Texas not so harsh, Alabama is? More than 100 localities across the nation support additional rights for unauthorized immigrants—such a movement is known as a “Sanctuary City.” © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Europe’s Immigration Crisis Of the world’s 16 countries with highest per capita income, 14 are in Northern and Western Europe - Making the region very attractive to immigrants. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration Patterns in Europe The flow of migrants in Europe is from East to West. Nearly all former Communist countries had a net out-migration whereas Western Europe has a net in- migration. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Migration Patterns in Europe Prior to 2014, leading sources of migrants into Europe were countries close to, such as Turkey and Morocco. Since 2014 the flow of migrants escalated rapidly especially refugees escaping war and persecution in Syria.

Migration Guest Workers Germany and other wealthy European countries operated guest worker programs (1960-1970s). This allowed immigration but workers were expected to return when their work was done. (agriculture work in Canada, post WWII Europe to speed up reconstruction) Many have remained permanently in Europe and have become citizens of the host country. The Guest Worker program no longer exists in Europe © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes Toward Immigrants In Europe Population growth in Europe is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world, a trend disliked by many Europeans – comprise 8% of Europe’s population. Biggest fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost, because immigrants: adhere to different religions speak different languages practice different food and other cultural habits © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes Toward Immigrants In Europe Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries. Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs.

Attitudes Toward Immigrants In Europe Most European countries are now in stage 4 of their demographic transition (low/ negative NIR). This adds fuel to hostility because increase in population is mainly from immigration or “new” people. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes toward Immigrants Europeans as Emigrants Ironic because Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the nineteenth century. The emigration of 65 million Europeans as Europe transitioned into Stage 2 profoundly changed world culture. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Attitudes Toward Immigrants Economies in Africa and Asia became based on raising crops and extracting resources for export to Europe rather than growing crops for local consumption and using resources to build local industry Many of today’s conflicts in former European colonies result from past practices by European immigrants – such as drawing arbitrary boundary lines discrimination among local ethnic groups. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary On a global scale, the largest flows of migrants are from Asia to Europe and from Latin America to the U.S. Third-world to first-world The decision to migrate is a conclusion influenced by a mixture of push and pull factors. Migrants face obstacles in migrating not as much by environmental factors anymore but by political or cultural factors. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Summary Worldwide, the most prominent type of intraregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas. In the U.S., it is from cities to suburbs. Americans and Europeans share mixed views about immigration. They recognize their importance to the local economy, but key features of immigration trouble them. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.