Sustainable Aquaculture: Solving the Range of Challenges Prof. Colin Moffat 1

A Global Industry 101.1 million tonnes (live weight) of fish, shellfish, aquatic plants and other aquatic animals produced in 2014 Challenges Worth $166 billion or £102 billion in 2014 Bacterial and Viral disease Parasites Medicines Pesticide use (inc co-culture) Space, coastal locations Biofouling of structures Escapes Toxins from algae Climate change Takes place in fresh water, salt water and brackish water Dates back to 3,500 BC in China Rich source of n-3 fatty acids Required to fill the ‘protein gap’

Relative shares of Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries in Production and Consumption Comparison of 2013 – 2015 (average) with Predictions for 2025 2025: Aquaculture will provide a greater proportion of the global fish production 2025: Aquaculture will provide a greater proportion of the global fish available for human consumption FAO, 2016

40 Year Production: Examples Moffat (2016)

Aquaculture Production - Turkey rainbow trout (53% of total aquaculture production) seabass (25%), sea- bream (17%), sea trout (4%) and new Mediterranean species (1%). Seabass. A component of Turkish aquaculture TurkStat, Accessed 16 Nov. 2016

Parasites and Disease Sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus spp.) Existing and emerging viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases (Amoebic gill disease; acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease of shrimp, red egg disease) Impact of a changing climate?

Common Disease States and Parasites in Selected Fish Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and other salmonids - 161 European seabass (Dicentrachus labrax) – 142 Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) – 92 1Moffat (2016); 2FAO; accessed 16 Nov.2016

Pesticides & Production: Norwegian Atlantic Salmon Pesticide use Salmon production H2O2 H2O2

Potential Solutions Reduce stress through changes to husbandry (e.g. clear ponds of weeds and predators before stocking) Improved environmental conditions Cooperation between farms within a geographically connected area Marine planning – consider all human uses in an area Bioremediation Application of natural compounds (e.g. elatol as an antifoulant) Novel treatments (e.g. warm water wash) Improve the host resistance to disease (Vaccines, immunostimulants) Natural predators (e.g. ballan wrasse, lumpfish, cunner, shrimp (Lysmata amboinensis))

Hit the water running Thank you Solving issues in aquaculture require a multidisciplinary, international approach Thank you