Psychological need satisfaction and frustration, self-determined and non-self determined motivation: mediating processes to identity stage resolution Nino Skhirtladze, Nino Javakhishvili Ilia State University, Georgia EARA 2016, La Barrosa, Spain

Identity Stage Resolution According to Erikson, successful resolution of personal identity formation stage is associated with - developing sense of adult and being recognized as an adult and - integration into adult community.

Identity Stage Resolution What factors facilitate identity stage resolution? - Psychological: agentic traits (self esteem, purpose in life, locus of control, ego-strength) (Côté, 2002, Schwartz, 2006), sense of coherence, higher commitment, lower rumination (Luyckx et al, 2008) - Contextual: employment vs student status (Luyckx, et al, 2008)

Present research In present study we focus on psychological part: - Basic Psychological needs satisfaction and frustration and - self-determined vs non-self-determined motivation

Basic Psychological Needs - Autonomy: desire to self organize experience and behavior and to have activity be concordant with ones self - Relatedness: desire to feel connected to others, to love and care and to be loved and cared for - Competence: desire to have an effect on the environment as well as attain valued outcomes (Deci & Ryan, 2000)

Satisfaction of the basic psychological needs contributes to health and psychological well-being while need frustration relate to ill-being (Ryan, 1995, Chen et al., 2014). We propose that psychological need satisfaction might be a pre-condition for identity stage resolution while psychological need frustration might hinder the same process.

SDT posits that psychological need satisfaction foster self-determined motivation (Deci et al., 1996), which was confirmed by empirical results in work context (Dysvik, Kuvaas, Gagne, 2013). We propose that self determined motivation might be a mechanism in the link between identity stage resolution and basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration.

Self determined vs non-self determined motivation Self determined motivation (Internal, inegrated, identified) Non-self determined motivation - Introjected - External - Amotivation

Present Research: Objectives Objective 1: To examine the unique relationships between each of three psychological need satisfactions and frustrations to identity resolution Objective 2: To examine intervening role of self-determined vs non-self-determined motivation in the links between psychological needs and identity stage resolution

Method:participants Sample 1 N=353 Age - 17 to 30 (Mean = 22.18) Gender- 63% Female 41 % employed 71% student Sample 2 N =433 Age - 16 to 29 (Mean =23.31) Gender- 61.7% Female 37% employed 52% student

Method: measures Identity Resolution Scale (Côté & Mizokami, 2016) - Adult identity resolution (alpha = .82) “You consider yourself to be an adult” - Societal identity resolution (alpha = .71) “You have settled on a lifestyle that you are satisfied with for the remainder of your life”

Method: measures Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction and Frustration Scale (Chen et al., 2014) - Autonomy satisfaction (alpha = .73) “I feel a sense of choice and freedom in the things I undertake” - Relatedness satisfaction (alpha =.74) “I experience a warm feeling with the people I spend time with” - Competence satisfaction (alpha = .73) “I feel I can successfully complete difficult tasks” - Autonomy frustration (alpha = .75) “I feel forced to do many things I wouldn’t choose to do” - Relatedness frustration (alpha =.74) “I feel the relationships I have are just superficial” - Competence frustration (alpha =.80) “I feel disappointed with many of my performance”

Method: measures Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale (WEIMS)(Tremblay, Blanchard, Taylor, Pelletier, Villeneuve, 2009) [only sample 2) We asked about the reasons why the participants are presently involved in their primary occupation (work or study): -Self determined motivation (9 items, alpha =.89) “Because I derive much pleasure from learning new things” - Introjected motivation (3 items, alpha=.77) “Because I want to be very good at this work, otherwise I would be very disappointed” - Extrinsic motivation (2 items, alpha=.62) “Because this type of occupation provides me with security” - Amotivation (3 items, alpha=.47) “I don’t know, too much is expected of us”

Results: SEM models (sample 1 & 2) Standardized Path Coefficients Describing Relationships between Need Satisfaction and Adult and Societal Identity resolution in combined sample1 and sample 2 Adult Identity Resolution Societal Identity Resolution   Age 17*** .13*** Autonomy Satisfaction 20*** .20*** Relatedness Satisfaction .05 .22*** Competence Satisfaction .24*** .21*** *p < .05, **p < .01; ***p < .001. χ2 =176.85(81); p<.001, CFI=.96, RMSEA=.04.

Results: SEM models (sample 1 & 2) Standardized Path Coefficients Describing Relationships between Need Frustration and Adult and Societal Identity resolution and in combined sample1 and sample 2   Adult Identity Resolution Societal Identity Age 05*** .04* Autonomy Frustration .00 -.10* Relatedness Frustration -19* -.23*** Competence Frustration -.35*** -.31*** *p < .05, **p < .01; ***p < .001. χ2 =268.18(81); p<.001, CFI=.93, RMSEA=.05.

Results: mediation (sample 2) Theoretical model: Basic psychological need satisfaction (model 1) /frustration (model 2) Self-determined vs non-self determined motivation Adult and societal identity resolution Analytic steps: (SEM Models separately for need satisfaction and frustration) - Direct paths - Full Mediation - Partial Mediation (Holmbeck, 1997)

Results: mediation (model 1) Partial Mediation Model: χ2 =222.660 (121); p<.001, CFI=.95, RMSEA=.04.

Results: mediation (model 2) Partial Mediation Model: χ2 =256.25 (121); p<.001, CFI=.94, RMSEA=.05.

Discussion Adult identity resolution is associated with both autonomy and competence need satisfaction. Relatedness need satisfaction only appear associated with societal need satisfaction. Competence need frustration shows considerably stronger negative association with adult and societal identity resolution than the other two. It points that while facing developmental task of identity resolution lack opportunities to experience one’s effectiveness and attainment of valued outcomes is especially detrimental.

Discussion Self-determined motivation and amotivation mediate the links between need satisfaction and identity resolution. We can assume that need satisfaction create preconditions for self determined motivation which by itself foster personal integration and acquisition of one’s place in society.

Discussion Intervening role of motivation was less pronounced between need frustration and identity resolution. According to studies need frustration is uniquely associated with ill-being (Chen, et al., 2014). We can propose that different mechanisms might be involved in the explanation of the link between need frustration and identity resolution (e.g. low self-esteem and self-efficacy).

Discussion According to Self Determination theory contextual factors might facilitate or hinder basic psychological need satisfaction. Based on the presented findings we know that need satisfaction and frustration matter while identity stage resolution and motivation plays an intervening role in case of need satisfaction. And what about contextual opportunities and barriers which might be the primary predictors? This is the direction for future research.

Thank you for your attention!