The Rise of Segregation Resistance and Repression

African Americans in the South Share Croppers Gave Landlords large portions of their crops as payment instead of using money. Created chronic debt for the farmers Many people eventually left farming for other jobs. Exodusters head to Kansas Mid-1870s Benjamin “Pap” Singleton Urged people to move west of Kansas 6000 people moved to kansas Called an “Exodus” People were known as Exodusters

Separate Alliance African American farmers join poor white farmers to create a separate farming alliance 1886, Established the Colored Farmers’ National Alliance By 1890 there were 1.2 million members Populist Party Established in 1891 Democratic Party feared the joining of poor whites and African Americans Used racism to scare white voters into not joining Claimed “Black Republican Rule”

Imposing segregation A movement to take away African American rights gained followers. Taking Away the vote 15th Amendment, citizens have the right to vote Cannot be discriminated against due to race, gender, or previous servitude Methods to make voting a challenge for African Americans Poll tax $2 to vote Literacy test Grandfather clause Allowed White Men to vote if he had a relative that voted in 1867 Legalizing segregation Discrimination

Jim Crow Laws “It shall be unlawful for a negro and white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers.” —Birmingham, Alabama, 1930

Civil Rights Cases 1883, Supreme Court set out to legalize segregation Overturned the Civil Rights Act of 1875 14th amendment No state could deny equal protection under the law to it’s citizens for public places Private businesses could practice segregation Southern States made public places separate

Plessy vs. Ferguson 1892 Homer Plessy challenged riding in separate train cars for blacks and whites Arrested for riding in the “white’s only” car Upheld the ruling of separate cars Separate but equal Difference between political rights and social rights

African American Response

Ida B. Wells 187 lynching/year without proper court proceedings 1892 Mob chased her out of town 1895 Moved to Chicago to publish a book about mob violence

Mary Church Terrell College educated woman born during the civil war Stated organizations National Association of Color Women National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Women wage-earners Association Assisted nurses, waitresses, and domestic workers Led a boycott of department stores

Booker T. Washington Influential Educator Called for Economic goals rather than political goals 1895, speech The Atlanta Compromise Mostly white audience Proposed that African Americans postpone fighting for civil rights to get educations and jobs.

W.E.B DuBois Leader of a new generation of African American Activists 1903, The Souls of Black Folk Saw no reason to give up Civil Rights Concerned with protecting voting rights