What did Zimbardo’s research tell us about social roles? RECAP What did Zimbardo’s research tell us about social roles? Outline one strength and one limitation of Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment. Standford prison experiment Standford university

Social Influence Recap 1. What is conformity? ‘A change in behaviour or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure’ ‘ A change in behaviour or belief as a result of peer pressure’ C) ‘A type of social influence which causes a person to act in response to an order given by another person’ D) ‘A type of social influence which leads us to change our beliefs’

Social Influence Recap 2. What is Social Influence? The process by which we are socially influenced A type of conformity The process by which our thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by other people.’ The process by which our thoughts, feelings and behaviours are determined by what other people think. The process by which our thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by other people.’

Social Influence Recap 3. What is compliance? Where a person may disagree with a group of people but the person publicly agrees with the group’s viewpoint or behaviour. Where a person may agree with a group of people. Where a person may agree in public with a group of people but the person actually privately disagrees with the group’s viewpoint or behaviour. Where a person may disagree with a group of people. Refers to instances. This type of conformity therefore does not lead to a change in a person’s private beliefs and is temporary

Social Influence Recap 4. What is internalisation? Where a person behaves or agrees with a group of people because they have actually accepted the group’s point of view/beliefs – this is long lasting. Where a person behaves or agrees with a group of people because they have actually accepted the group’s point of view/beliefs – this is short term. Where a person disagrees with a group of people and they don’t accept their views. Where a person’s beliefs become internalised. Refers to instances where a person behaves or agrees with a group of people because they have actually accepted the group’s point of view or beliefs. This type of conformity does result in a change in the persons’ private beliefs and attitudes as a result it may have longer lasting effects than public compliance (conversion).

Social Influence Recap 5. What is identification? Where a person behaves or agrees with a group of people because they have actually accepted the group’s point of view/beliefs – this is long lasting. Where a person behaves or agrees with a group of people because they have actually accepted the group’s point of view/beliefs – this is short term. Where a person disagrees with a group of people and they don’t accept their views. D) Adjusting behaviour and opinions due to those of a group, because membership of that group is desirable. Refers to instances where a person behaves or agrees with a group of people because they have actually accepted the group’s point of view or beliefs. This type of conformity does result in a change in the persons’ private beliefs and attitudes as a result it may have longer lasting effects than public compliance (conversion).

Social Influence Recap 6. Normative social influence is… The desire to be liked The desire to be wrong The desire to be right The desire to be accepted Desire to be liked

Social Influence Recap 7. Informational social influence is… The desire to be liked The desire to be wrong The desire to be right The desire to be accepted Desire to be right

Social Influence Recap 8. What percentage of participants conformed at least once in Asch’s (1951) study? 74% 47% 37% 40% 37%

Social Influence Recap 9. What percentage of participants never conformed? 56% 70% 35% 26% 37%

“I was only following orders.” Adolf Eichmann (1961)

Obedience to Authority What is obedience?

What is obedience? Definition Obedience is a type of social influence which causes a person to act in response to an order given by another person. The person who gives the order usually has power or authority. Add on to key word sheet

Does obedience have positive or negative consequences? Or both?

What’s the difference between obedience and conformity?

Social Influence - What is obedience? - Milgram AO1 Objectives: To be able to define obedience To outline Milgram’s research

Differences Between Obedience And Conformity Occurs within a hierarchy, authority figure/figures are at the top of the hierarchy. The emphasis in obedience is on power/authority and accountability. The behaviour adopted differs from the behaviour of the authority figure. The commands made by the authority figure are explicit and non-mistakable. Participants don’t deny the fact that they have obeyed, but instead embrace obedience as an explanation for behaviour. Conformity Can occur between people who are of an equal status as well as within a hierarchy. The emphasis is on acceptance (within a group, to social roles etc.) The behaviour adopted by the individual is similar to that of the group. The requirement to yield to group pressure is often (though not always) implicit. Participants often deny conformity.

“Is such brutality a product of evil and sadistic minds, or did ordinary people perform this extraordinary behaviour?”

The history behind Milgram… Second world war Nazi Germany, followed orders which saw mass murder of millions of people like the Jews, Gypsies and the disabled known as the holocaust Milgram wanted to test the question… “Do Germans have different personalities that led them to blindly obey and commit acts of murder without question, or whether people are generally more obedient than you would believe”…

Would British people still obey to the same extent?

“Is such brutality a product of evil and sadistic minds, or did ordinary people perform this extraordinary behaviour?”

Procedure AO1 Aim: To test the ‘German's are different’ hypothesis. To see if individuals would obey the orders of an authority figure that incurred negative consequences and went against one’s moral code.

Procedure AO1 Procedure: Sample: 40 American males aged 20-50 years responded to a newspaper article to volunteer to take part in a study of memory and learning. Met by a confederate experimenter wearing a white lab coat (authority). He introduced them to Mr Wallace, a confederate participant, he was around 40 years old. Were told they would be randomly assigned to a condition of ‘teacher’ or ‘learner’ when it was in fact set up Mr Wallace was always the learner, the real participant was always the teacher. They saw Mr Wallace get hooked up to the electrode machine and were then placed in a room with the experimenter.

Procedure AO1 The teacher was asked to read out word pairs, one of the words was the odd one out and Mr Wallace had to identify which word was the odd one out If the wrong answer was given, they had to administer a shock, increasing the voltage each time. Went from 15v – 400v (potentially lethal) When the participant protested, the experimenter used prods to ask them to continue

Findings… Quantitative findings… 65% of participants went up to the lethal 450v 100% of participants continued to 300v which is classed as an extreme strong shock Qualitative Many of the participants showed distress, such as twitching, sweating, digging their nails into their flesh and verbally attacking the experimenter.

Conclusions What can we conclude from Milgram’s research? Are German’s different? Is obedience normal behaviour?

Conclusions ‘Germans are different’ hypothesis is clearly false, Milgram’s participants were 40 ordinary Americans Their high level of obedience showed that people obey those regarded as authority figures to the extent where they could cause serious harm The results suggest that obeying those in authority is normal behaviour in a hierarchical organised society.

RECAP Draw a hand on your whiteboard… Write out the following: Aim Procedure Results Conclusion Any evaluation you can think of?

Milgram follow-up questionnaire 84% of pts were glad they took part 15% were neutral 1% said they were sorry/had negative feelings Psychiatrist interviewed pts. And found no evidence of traumatic reactions.

Outline how psychologists have investigated obedience to authority (4 marks) Milgram aimed to investigate whether or not people will obey an authority figure. He instructed participants to give an electric shock to a ‘learner’ who was really a confederate. The participants were instructed to continue even when thy were reluctant to do so. Milgram watched to see whether participants would obey to a full 450V. He also carried out variations to understand why people were being obedient, e.g. he put the teacher and learner in the same room.

Milgram Original footage: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOYLCy5PVgM BBC Version https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xxq4QtK3j0Y

5 Question Activity Read the Milgram (1963) research study Write 5 questions about the procedures and findings of the research study Give the person next to you the 5 questions to answer

Discuss what you see as the Strengths and Criticisms...? Showed how easily people obey without question. Replicable design Control of variables Classic study Real world applications Weaknesses Lacks ecological validity Lacks experimental validity Ethics!!

Outline the aim, procedure, results, conclusion of Zimbardo… Plenary Outline the aim, procedure, results, conclusion of Zimbardo…