Period I Technological & Environmental Transformations to 600 B.C.E.

How did Geography impact the 1st four Civilizations?

Mountain River Valley Civilizations The first 4 Civilizations on the planet appeared beside Rivers that originated from Mountains & flooded each year

The Cities were NOWHERE near the Mountains, and probably didn’t know about them

Equation # 5 Mountain Rivers + Fertile Flood Plains = BIG Civilizations

Mountain Rivers carry nutrients as they move to lower elevations

Each year as the snow melts the flow of water increases

The extra water floods the river below, sometimes hundreds of miles away

As the flood waters dry, the silt left behind creates fertile soil for crops #1 What is this? #2 What is this?

SILT (Mountain Nutrients) = FERTILIZER!

Better Soil = More Crops More Crops = More Food More Food = More People

Equation # 6 Cities are Like Magnets! HUH???

"You can never step in the same river twice "You can never step in the same river twice." Heraclitus It’s called Cultural Diffusion What does it mean?

Cultural Diffusion: Culture: Everything about a group + Diffusion: To Mix When 2 Cultures meet… They MIX!

People are attracted to Cities WHY People are attracted to Cities WHY? The City’s Culture leaves the City HOW?

The First 4 Civilizations: Sumer - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers ~ 3500 B.C. Mesopotamia (Middle East) Egypt - Nile River ~ 3000 B.C. Northeast Africa India - Indus River ~ 2500 B.C. Western Subcontinent of India China - Yangtze & Yellow Rivers ~ 2000 B.C. Eastern China

<------------------------------------------------> | | 100,000 10,000 BC BC <------------------------------------------------> | 3,500 2015 BC

Look for Geographic Advantages & Disadvantages

Mesopotamia Tigris: 1200 miles Euphrates: 2200 Sumerians

Mesopotamia? Meso = Middle/Between Potamia = River (Hippopotamus = River Horse) Land between 2 Rivers

Mesopotamia • Mesopotamia – Land between 2 Rivers (Iraq): Tigris & Euphrates • City-States – Whole country in a City • Dynasty – Grandfather, Dad, Son,.… are Kings • Cultural Diffusion – People meet, Culture mixes • Polytheism – More than 1 god (What if it’s 1?) • Empire – Civilization takes over another • Cuneiform – First Writing! • Hammurabi – First King to write down Laws

Egypt Nile: 4000 Miles

Egypt is in Africa!

Pharaoh: Part god, Part King… LOTS Of POWER?

Egypt • Delta – Where the River slows down, spreads out, & goes into the ocean • Pharaoh – Part King, part god • Pyramid – Giant burial tomb for Pharaohs • Mummification – (Watch the movie) • Hieroglyphics – Egyptian picture writing • Papyrus – A plant used to make paper! • Memphis – Early Capital (North) • Thebes – Later Capital (South)

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro India (Modern Pakistan) Indus: 2000

In between India & China…

Aryan Invasion

Monsoon Winds

India • Subcontinent - Geographic name for India (Sub = below) • Monsoon - Seasonal winds, dry or wet • Harappa Civilization - First in India (Also known as Indus River Civilization) • Aryans – Invade & Conquer India

Hinduism supported the Aryan Leaders & enforced the Caste System

Hinduism – Aryan Religion Vedas – Sacred Texts of Hinduism Brahmins – Priests of Hinduism Caste System – Social Classes Reincarnation - To be re-born Karma – The build-up of good/bad deeds

Let’s analyze Cities using the 5 Themes of AP World History

China Yellow: 3400 Yangtze: 3900 India

China Dynastic Cycle – Dynasties fall, new ones take over Oracle Bone – Crack bone, burn bone, read bone, write on it Mandate of Heaven – God says you are in charge, take care of people Confucius – Philosopher Filial Piety – Respect for your Elders, Leaders, Country, etc.

Supported The Leaders by Teaching Obedience & Respect for all Confucius Supported The Leaders by Teaching Obedience & Respect for all

? Sumer Egypt Indus Valley China Contrast Geography Invasions Compare/ Contrast Sumer Egypt Indus Valley China Geography ? Invasions Government Technology Trade Religion

Equation # 5 Mountain Rivers + Fertile Flood Plains = BIG Civilizations

So… Why was Geography Important in the First 3 Civilizations?

Could You Write It?

Sumer Egypt Indus Valley China Compare Contrast Sumer Egypt Indus Valley China Geography Rivers Tigris/Euphrates Resources No stone/wood Barriers Zip (& no stone) River Nile Plenty Desert & Sea Indus Mountain/Sea/Desert Yangtze & Yellow Mountains/Sea/Desert Invasions ? Government City-States Kings United Empire 1 Kingdom Pharaoh is a King & god Centralized Planned Cities Nobles Feudalism Technology Cuneiform Ziggurats Sail Bronze Hieroglyphics Pyramids Sail/Barges Geometry Writing (Only ½ Deciphered) Cities on a Grid Plumbing/Sewage Cast Iron Money!!!! Silk Trade Vast area to get needed Resources Nile flows North, winds blow South No Wheel Monsoons enable Trade with Africa and Mesopotamia Local Roads & Canals Religion Polytheistic