What makes up a Civilization? Mesopotamia and Egypt What makes up a Civilization?

8 Basic Features of a Civilization Cities: As farmers settled in fertile river valleys, they began to grow surplus or extra food. ... Organized Central Governments: ... Complex Religions: ... Job Specialization: ... Social Classes: ... Writing: ... Art and Architecture: ... Public Works:

What we focus on!!!!! Political: Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war. Economic: What type of economy? How do people make a living? Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Oceanic? Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic

4 early River Valley Civilizations Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) Egyptian Civilization - Nile River Harappan Civilization - Indus River Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.

ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA Oldest known civilization Cradle of Human Civilization Old Testament Nebuchadnezzar Ziggurat (right) Hanging gardens

Geography This civ rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden.

In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?

Ur, the capital city of Mesopotamia

Political:What was the earliest kingdom in Mesopotamia? The second?

Social This is cuneiform. Babylonians wrote using this “wedge-shaped” writing on clay tablets. The Sumerians invented writing.

More cuneiform writing

That’s not surprising given their challenging environment sitting DID YOU KNOW… Like many ancient civilizations, the Sumerians also had “a flood story.” That’s not surprising given their challenging environment sitting between two unpredictable rivers…in their view, such a cataclysmic event did, indeed, destroy their “entire world.” The Epic of Gilgamesh is, perhaps, the oldest written story on Earth. It comes to us from ancient Sumeria, and was originally written on 12 clay tablets in cuneiform script. It is about the adventures of the cruel King Gilgamesh of Uruk (ca. 2750 and 2500 BCE). In tablet XI we read about Per-napishtim, a man who built a boat and was saved from a great flood brought about by angry gods.

More ziggurats

Hanging gardens of Babylonia

The ancient city of Babylon, under King Nebuchadnezzar II, must have been a wonder to the traveler's eyes. "In addition to its size," wrote Herodotus, a historian in 450 BC, "Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world." Herodotus claimed the outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough, he said, to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. The inner walls were "not so thick as the first, but hardly less strong." Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens

Another painting of the hanging gardens with Tower of Babel in back                                                                 

Economic: trade and farming Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations. In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road.

Sumerians invented the wheel! The wheel was invented by 6000 BC! It helped military, farming and trade. At right, this is made of wood.

Political:Mesopotamian Law Code of Hammurabi “eye for an eye tooth for a tooth”

That concludes Mesopotamia.

ANCIENT EGYPT Nile River Mummies Pharaohs Rameses King Tutankhamen Hieroglyphics

Egyptian civilization Egyptian civilization arose a bit after Mesopotamia. Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.

The Nile River

Goal: Why did the Ancient Egyptians believe the Nile River was a gift? Do Now: Answer the following questions based on the diagram below. Which is the tallest pyramid? Which is taller, Khufu or the Washington Monument? What is the length of the side of the Menkaure pyramid at its base?

Ancient Egypt 3200-500 BC Ample water supply. Location North Africa Natural barriers: Mediterranean Sea, Sahara Desert, Red Sea Result = less prone to invasion. Nile River World’s longest river (4000 miles) “Gift of the Nile”  annual flooding that deposits rich soil. Benefits Easy communication. Transportation. Ample water supply.

Egyptian Kingdoms become one. Egyptian Society Egyptian Kingdoms become one. Menes: Unified Lower & Upper Egypt around 3100 BC. Religious Beliefs Polytheistic: belief in many gods controlling earth. Mummification: process of preseriving the dead. Afterlife  Happy Field of Food or Devourer of Souls Pharaohs: god-kings of Egypt. Chief gods: Isis, Osiris, Amon-Re, Anubis Kingdoms of the Nile Old Kingdom 2650-2134 BC Middle Kingdom 2040-1640 BC New Kingdom 1550-1070 BC Achievements Built enormous tombs & pyramids. Land drained for farming. Traded with lands along the Red & Mediterranean Sea. Decline Power struggles, crop failures, & cost of pyramids. Hittites invaded & conquered. Nubians, then others, invaded.

IV. Social Order Pharaohs

Pyramids These are the Giza pyramids, the most famous. Pyramids were tombs for the kings. These were built in 3500 B.C.E. How old are they?

Political:Egyptian Pharaohs Egyptians were led by Pharaohs. They were priest-kings King Tut is the most famous Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains

Tutankhamun

Tutankhamun on the throne

Abu Simbel was built by Ramseses II

Mummies Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified. They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.

The Egyptians took out all of the internal organs, except the heart The Egyptians took out all of the internal organs, except the heart. When they removed them the organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy. They did not take out the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person. The Egyptians thought the brain had no significant value, so they took it out through the nose. The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). After this the body was left for 40-50 days. 

Mummies

Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphics

Hieroglyphics

What did Egyptians write on? Ancient Egyptians used papyrus, a substance derived from the plant of the same name

The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799 A.D. The Rosetta Stone can be viewed by tourists today in the British Museum.

The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.

Nubia People around the world have learnt about the glorious past of the Egyptian empire, but most have failed to learn of the Nubia, which was sometimes even stronger than the Egyptian empire. Nubia rivaled Egypt in wealth and power, and mutually influenced each other.

The Egyptians called them the Kush The Egyptians called them the Kush. The Kush was comparable with Egypt, and both states communicated with each other constantly. Today we do not hear of Nubia nor Kush. In its place is nothern Sudan. With the construction of the Aswan high dam in the 1960s, Nubian land was flooded and that forced some 100,000 Nubians to seek new homes in Egyptian and Sudanese cities. Nubia's glorious past is now under water.

The Great Sphinx & Cheferen

Egyptian economy Although Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade. Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with Indus Valley (in Pakistan)

That concludes Egypt.