Introduction to Camera

System Settings System Frequency is 50Hz or 60Hz and is equivalent to PAL or NTSC. Set to 50Hz. Bit rate is the amount of data used to encode one second of video – Mbps Set to 24Mbps Frame rate is 50i or 25P (PF25) Set to 25P Fan setting – make sure its on Automatic

Aperture The larger the aperture the more light reaches the sensor. Aperture is expressed as an f-stop. Each whole f-stop halves or doubles the light. The higher the f-stop (the smaller the aperture) the greater the depth of the field, i.e. the greater the range of objects that will appear sharp in the frame. The smaller the f-stop number, the shallower the depth of field is.

Aperture and DoF

Depth of Field Four factors affect depth of field: Aperture Sensor size/image size/format Distance to subject (Focusing on a closer subject reduces DoF) Focal length (Shooting with a longer lens reduces DoF)

Sensor Size Bigger the sensor, shallower the depth of field.

Sensor Size

Shutter Speed Shutter speed is the amount of time each frame is exposed for, not the number of frames per second Shutter speed of 50 = 1/50 of a second exposure per frame Higher shutter speeds reduce exposure time, darkening image At higher shutter speeds individual frames appear more crisp, due to reduced motion blur. Each frame is a moment frozen in time. As a result motion appears ‘choppy’. Motion blur occurs when the subject moves within the frame while the shutter is open. Lower shutter speeds give smoother motion. 1/40 to 1/50 is ideal.

Shutter Speed

ISO Doubling ISO doubles the sensitivity of the sensor The higher the ISO the noisier the image Multiples of 60 are ‘real’ ISOs with Canon But the C100 performs very well in low light

Colour Temperature Automatic white balance automatically compensates for varying colour temperatures by adjusting the brightest part of a scene so it will appear white. it then adjusts the rest of the colors based on that white balance.

Colour Temperature ‘Lower’ colour temperature. By adjusting for Tungsten, blue is added to compensate ‘Correct’ colour temperature ‘Higher’ colour temp. By adjusting for Daylight, red is added to compensate

Waveform Measures Luma - distribution of brightness in the image Dark pixels are at the bottom, bright ones are at the top

Zebra pattern Zebra at 70-90 IRE for facial highlights Zebra at 100 IRE for overexposure

Canon Log Gamma The range of brightness variables out there in the world, and that we can perceive, is much wider than any camera can record. Cameras can be tuned to record different parts of the range, in different ways. This is called the gamma. The default gamma setting of a camera will give a reasonable range of brightness, colour and contrast to the image, so that the image looks good straight out of the camera. But, this is not actually the full range of brightness the camera can record.

Canon Log Gamma Most modern video cameras now offer some sort of log- gamma setting. This essentially means that you are getting much more brightness information out of the camera. But, the resulting image looks very flat, washed out and under-saturated. The video must therefore be graded to bring it to life. Camera menu – CP- Cinema Locked To help to judge exposure use view assist

Standard Gamma

Canon Log Gamma

Log Gamma - Graded

Audio channels CH1 – Records audio to each channel separately. Audio input into CH1 is recorded to channel 1, while audio input into CH2 is recorded to channel 2. CH1/CH2 – Audio input into CH1 is recorded to both channels. Audio input into CH2 will not be recorded. When using one mic, use the CH1 setting but set the second channel at a slightly lower setting