Summaries of Organisms

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Bacteria Simpler, smaller Eukaryotic: Everything Else More complex, larger

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic No nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Ribosomes DNA is circular Eukaryotic: Nucleus Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, etc.) DNA is in chromosomes (small pieces)

Prokaryotes: Cell Structure: Prokaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular: unicellular Nucleus?: NO Cell Wall?: PRESENT Cell Wall Material: peptidoglycan How they get food: autotrophic/heterotrophic Locomotion?: SOME

Protists: Cell Structure: Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular: most unicellular Nucleus?: YES Cell Wall?: SOME Cell Wall Material: cellulose How they get food: autotrophic/heterotrophic Locomotion?: SOME

The EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS Protists: Examples: amoeba, paramecium, Giardia, algae

Fungi: Cell Structure: Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular: most multicellular Nucleus?: YES Cell Wall?: YES Cell Wall Material: chitin Nutrition: heterotrophic Locomotion?: ABSENT

The EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS Fungi: Examples: mushrooms, yeast, “Athlete’s foot”, bracket fungi, puffballs

PLANTS: Cell Structure: Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular: multicellular Nucleus?: YES Cell Wall?: YES Cell Wall Material: cellulose Nutrition: autotrophic Locomotion?: ABSENT

The EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS Plants: Examples: trees, roses, grass

Animals: Cell Structure: Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular: multicellular Nucleus?: YES Cell Wall?: ABSENT Cell Wall Material: NONE Nutrition: heterotrophic Locomotion?: PRESENT

The EUKARYOTIC KINGDOMS Animals: Examples: dog, whale, human, starfish

Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction: Definition: One parent produces one or more offspring genetically identical to itself without the fusion of gametes or exchange of genetic material (DNA) Offspring: Genetically identical to parents

Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction: Examples: Mitosis, Binary fission (bacteria), cloning, spontaneous generation (ex. starfish, sponge), budding (yeast)

Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction: Advantages: One parent needed, faster Disadvantages: No genetic variation

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction: Definition: Production and fusion of sex cells (gametes) and/or the exchange of genetic material Offspring: Genetically different from parents and usually each other

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction: Examples: Meiosis (sperm/egg, pollen/ovule) and conjugation (bacteria)

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction: Advantages: Genetic VARIATION Disadvantages: 2 parents (or male/female gamete-producing parts) needed, slower