BELLWORK: August 28th Describe the purpose of code-talkers. Why were they successful? How did African American involvement in WWII change how they were viewed in society? What was the Bracero Program? How did this lead to race riots? Who was Rosie the Riveter? What did she represent? THINKER: Besides mobilizing minority groups to aide in the war effort, how else did citizens prepare the U.S. Homefront for WWII?

Native Americans Code talkers were Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific. Navajo was an “unbreakable” code and difficult for the enemy to translate. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LN2oKqa1o04 (Start at 4:10)

African Americans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ppjipVpGCAU

Mexican Americans Mexican Farm Labor Agreement was signed by FDR in 1942 and guaranteed adequate living conditions and 30 cents an hour. This was designed to be temporary in order to deal with the increased demand of primary goods during the early stages of WWII.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ARizzMHbBfI

Women

Women During WWII As men were drafted into the armed services, women took jobs in manufacturing, war defense, aircraft factories, shipyards and other industries. By 1944, women made up 35% of the total work force. Still earned much less than men doing the same jobs.

Rosie the Riveter A fictional woman created in 1942 to recruit new women workers. She was a home front hero, worked in a defense plant, and her boyfriend served in the Marines.

Rosie the Riveter What does Rosie represent? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CQ0M0wx00s What does Rosie represent? What is this song encouraging people to do? How is Rosie protecting Charlie? Do you think this would be an effective form of propaganda during WWII? Explain.

Discussion Besides mobilizing minority groups to aide in the war effort, how else did American citizens prepare the Homefront for WWII?

Financing the War Federal spending increased to $95.2 billion. Higher taxes paid for 41% of the war. The government borrowed the rest of the money from banks, private investors and the public. Americans bought war bonds to help finance the war.

Rationing

Victory Gardens

Conscription Selective Training and Service Act of 1940: started the U.S. draft after Germany’s takeover of France Modeled after the WWI draft Used by US Army, Navy and Marine Corps All men 18 to 64 years of age required to register In total, 49 million men were registered and 10 million inducted

BELLWORK: August 30th Explain the similarities between U.S. and Canadian Japanese internment. Explain the differences between U.S. and Canadian Japanese internment. THINKER: Often times during war, people’s nationalism becomes radical and they begin to worry, distrust and target “enemy” ethnicities/backgrounds/ religions/etc. Why do you think this is? Why were Americans so worried about “internal threats” from minority groups during WWII?

Crash Course: US Homefront https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HofnGQwPgqs

The WWII American Homefront During a war, the enemy is often villainized. . .why? Why do you think only Japanese-Americans were targeted and not Germans or Italians?

US-Japanese Internment: Background Pre-WWII racism After Pearl Harbor, many U.S. citizens felt prejudice and fear towards Japanese Americans. In 1942, FDR signed Executive Order 9066, which sent Japanese (both citizens and non citizens) to camps far from the coast. Internment camps caused Japanese Americans to lose their property, businesses, farms and homes.

I don't want any of them here. They are a dangerous element I don't want any of them here. They are a dangerous element. There is no way to determine their loyalty... It makes no difference whether he is an American citizen, he is still Japanese. American citizenship does not necessarily determine loyalty... A Jap’s a Jap.” (U.S. Army General John DeWitt to Congress – commanded “Western Defense”) "A viper is nonetheless a viper whenever the egg is hatched - so a Japanese American, born of Japanese parents - grows up to be a Japanese, not an American.“ (Los Angeles Times) "I am for the immediate removal of every Japanese on the West Coast to a point deep in the interior. I don't mean a nice part of the interior either. Herd 'em up, pack 'em off and give 'em the inside room in the badlands. Personally, I hate the Japanese. And that goes for all of them.“ (Henry McLemore, columnist for the San Francisco Examiner)

WRA = WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY

Effects in the U.S. In the case Korematsu vs. United States (1944), the Supreme Court ruled wartime relocation was constitutional and the policy was not based on race. “The military urgency of the situation demanded that all citizens of Japanese ancestry be segregated from the West Coast temporarily.” Video Clip! In 1988, Congress gave each surviving Japanese American $20,000 and an official apology.

Japanese Americans in the Military The military refused to accept Japanese Americans until 1943. More than 17,000 fought for the U.S. in WWII. The soldiers of the all-Japanese 442nd Regimental Combat Team won more medals for bravery than any other unit in U.S. history.

Japanese-Canadian Internment Racial tensions between Japanese immigrants/citizens and Canadians started well before WWII…… In 1858, the influx of Asian immigrants during a gold rush = negative views towards Asian immigrants Taking jobs (especially in fishing industry) Content with lower standard of living (proved their inferiority) Japanese-language schools and Buddhist temples (showed unwillingness to become Canadian) In 1907, the Asiatic Exclusion League formed & pressured the government to put limitations on Asian immigrants Improved slightly during WWI In the inner-war years, tensions increased when Japan began acting aggressively (Many judged Ja-Ca citizens on the actions of their ancestral homeland – they would always be loyal to Japan!)

Many Japanese-Canadians had their property confiscated

Japanese-Canadian Internment Camps

PM Mackenzie King After the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th, King wrote in his diary: "It is fortunate that the use of the bomb should have been upon the Japanese rather than upon the white races of Europe."

Effects in Canada Discussions of compensation began in 1977, during the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the arrival of the first Japanese immigrant to Canada National Association of Japanese Canadians (NAJC) examined records to estimate the economic losses resulting from property confiscations/lost wages due to internment  $443 million On September 22, 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney delivered an apology and the Canadian government announced a compensation package, one month after President Ronald Reagan made similar gestures in the United States. $21,000 to each surviving internee, and the re-instatement of Canadian citizenship to those who were deported to Japan.

Compare/Contrast U.S. vs. Canadian Internment of Japanese SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

HOMEWORK: due tomorrow! Next topic: WWII in Europe & North Africa Read pages 150-157 in the 20th century war book Review long and short term causes of WWII Its been almost four months since we covered this – use this for review. Note check: In your notes, categorize the long vs. short term causes and a 2-3 point/sentence description of each.

Student Prezi on Internment https://prezi.com/7bk33qa-og3m/treatment-of-japanese-americans-and-japanese-canadians/

Minorities in WWII Involvement in WWII Changing societal roles Women African Americans Native Americans Mexican Americans