Midterm Review 2

Cellular Reproduction Scientific Methods Hodge Podge Chemistry Bio-chemistry Cells Cellular Reproduction 100 100 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500

What is the first step in a scientific investigation? 100 What is the first step in a scientific investigation?

State the problem

200 What is the lowest possible magnification that can be obtained using the microscope to the right?

200 x (20x10)

300 If researching the effects of antibiotics on the disease-causing organism, E. coli, which source would you use? National professional journal National television news program A local newspaper Weekly magazine of important events

A. National professional journal

Why is a control important in an experiment? 400 Why is a control important in an experiment?

Control groups allow comparison between subjects receiving a treatment and those receiving no treatment.

500 People long ago believed maggots came from meat. In the late 1600’s, Redi made the hypothesis that maggots came from flies rather than meat. Which experimental design to the right could be used to test Redi’s experiment?

C.

Give two characteristics of all living things. 100 Give two characteristics of all living things.

Reproduce Made of cells Respond to environment Homeostasis (maintain internal balance) Grow and develop Adapt and evolve Use energy Made of DNA

200 Give the 10 levels of organization in order from molecular to biosphere

Molecular Cellular Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere

300 Give the definition of cellular respiration and what organelle it occurs in?

Changing stored chemical energy in food (sugar) into a useable form (ATP) by organisms in the mitochondria

400 Give two differences and two similarities between the processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration (think!)

Aerobic- with oxygen; produces 36 ATP; glycolysis, kreb’s, and ETC; cytoplasm and mitochondria Anaerobic- no oxygen; produces 2 ATP; glycolysis only; produces alcohol or lactic acid; cytoplasm Similarities: occurs in living cells; makes ATP energy; glycolysis; cytoplasm; begins with glucose

500 Bacteria are tremendously successful unicellular organisms, yet all large organisms are multicellular. Unicellular organisms cannot grow very large because …..?

Diffusion of nutrients into the cell would be too slow

The most abundant compound in most living things is? 100 The most abundant compound in most living things is?

water

What is the acidic range on the pH scale? 200 What is the acidic range on the pH scale?

0-6.9

300 In the drawing below, the white squares stand for one kind of atom, and the black squares stand for another type of atom. Which bottle is an element, a mixture, and a compound?

Element Compound Mixture

400 In the ammonia diagram to the right, the bonding between the atoms is covalent or ionic and WHY?

Covalent because the electrons are being shared (see red circles)

500 Using the partial periodic table below, give the number of electrons, protons, neutrons, atomic mass number and atomic number for aluminum (Al).

Neutrons (at.mass - at.number) - 14 Electrons- 13 Protons- 13 Neutrons (at.mass - at.number) - 14 Atomic mass number- 27 Atomic number- 13

Give three elements that are the main components of every living cell. 100 Give three elements that are the main components of every living cell.

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Nitrogen Sulfur

Give two functions of lipids. 200 Give two functions of lipids.

Insulation Energy storage Waterproofing Cell membrane component

300 According to the table below, in this organism, what percentage of cytoplasm is composed of organic material?

22% (proteins+fats+carbohydrates)

Why are enzymes important to living things? 400 Why are enzymes important to living things?

Enzymes permit reactions to occur rapidly at a biologically useful rate (speed up chemical reactions)

500 Give the building blocks or monomers for carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Carbohydrates- simple sugars or monosaccharides Lipids- glycerol and fatty acids Proteins- amino acids Nucleic Acids- nucleotides

100 An eukaryotic organism with a nucleus, cell wall, and chloroplasts is a _______ cell.

Plant cell

Give two functions of the cell membrane. 200 Give two functions of the cell membrane.

Phagocytosis (bringing in food) Recognizing foreign invaders like viruses Controls movement of material into and out of the cell Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains

Give the three principles of the cell theory. 300 Give the three principles of the cell theory.

All cells arise from preexisting cells The cell is the basic unit of life. All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

400 Give the function of each cellular organelle below: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Nucleus Mitochondria Nucleolus

Nucleus- control center and contains DNA ER- transports or circulates material throughout the cell (conveyor belt) Nucleus- control center and contains DNA Mitochondria- energy power plant (ATP); cellular respiration Nucleolus- makes ribosomes which make proteins

500 Give the contributions of Leeuwenhoek, Hooke, Schleiden, and Schwann to the discovery of cells and the cell theory.

Leeuwenhoek- describes cells using a hand-held lens (animalcules) Hooke- examines cork and sees “cells” Schleiden- makes first statement of the cell theory about plants Schwann- first states the cell theory as it applies to animals

Mature red blood cells have no nuclei so they cannot ____. 100 Mature red blood cells have no nuclei so they cannot ____.

Make copies of itself

200 Most cells in the body of a fruit fly have eight chromosomes. In some cells, only four chromosomes are present, a condition that is a direct result of ______.

Meiotic cell division

Put the following phases of plant cell mitosis in order. 300 Put the following phases of plant cell mitosis in order.

C, B, A, D

Give two reasons why meiosis is important for organisms. 400 Give two reasons why meiosis is important for organisms.

Because of crossing over genetic variation occurs which aides in evolution of a population Reduce chromosome number (half) so offspring will have the correct number of chromosomes in their body cells

Answer the following questions according to the diagram below. 500 Answer the following questions according to the diagram below. Which method is asexual reproduction? Which method is sexual reproduction? If the original cell has 15 chromosomes and the daughter cells have 15 chromosomes also, which method demonstrates this? Which method produces body cells for growth and repair that are genetically identical?

Asexual- A Sexual- B A

Daily Double