EOC Review: Biochemistry, Enzymes, Cell, Cell Transport, and Energy Christopherson

Monomer Single molecule One subunit Example: Single bead for a necklace

Polymer Many molecules More than one subunit Example: Beads making up a necklace

Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

Monomer of a Carbohydrate Simple Sugar or Monosaccharide

Polymer of a Carbohydrate Complex sugar

Type of Carb: Monosaccharide Explanation: One sugar / Simple Sugar Example: Glucose or Fructose

Indicator: Benedict’s Solution

Positive Test: Turns Green to Red

Type of Carb: Polysaccharide Explanation: Many Sugars

Example of a Polysaccharides Cellulose: Provides structure for plants

Example of a Polysaccharide Starch: Stored Energy in plants

Examples of a Polysaccharide Chitin: Structure and support for insects and mushrooms

Indicator: Iodine

Positive Test: Turns Black

Example of a Polysaccharide Glycogen: Stored energy in animals

Carbohydrate Functions #1 Short term energy source Burn quickly

Carbohydrate Function #2 Stored Energy Organisms store what they don’t use

Carbohydrate Function #3 Provide structure for plants, fungus, and insects

Indicator: Benedict’s Solution

Positive Test: Turns Green to Red

Four Macromolecules: Lipids

Lipids Also known as: Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Indicator: Brown Paper Bag or Towel

Positive Test: Grease Spot

Lipids Function #1 Long term energy storage

Lipids Function #2 Provide Insulation

Regulate water movement in and out of the cell Lipids Function #3 Regulate water movement in and out of the cell

Four Macromolecules: Proteins

Protein Monomers and Polymers

Indicator: Biuret’s

Positive Test: Turns Purple

Proteins Function #1 Make up the structure and function of muscles

Proteins Function #3 Blood has hemoglobin (protein) which helps transport oxygen

Proteins Function #4 Insulin (protein) helps glucose move from our bloodstream to our cells

Protein Function - #5 Enzymes (Protein) fuel every chemical reaction in organisms. Helps form bonds and break things down

Four Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids Elements present: Only one with P Monomer: Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Function #1 Responsible for an organisms genetic make-up (DNA)

Nucleic Acid Function #2 Usable form of energy (ATP)

Nucleic Acid – Function #3 Makes Proteins: RNA

Enzymes Christopherson

Chemical Reaction Reactants Products Occurs when bonds are broken or formed to create a new substance Reactants Products

Characteristics of Enzymes #1 Enzymes are biological catalysts

Example of Enzymes as Catalysts

Characteristics of Enzymes #2 Enzymes are site specific One enzyme = One job

How Enzymes Work

Environmental Effects on Enzymes pH Dramatic changes in the pH of a solution can denature an enzyme Decreasing enzyme activity

Prokaryotic/Eukaryotic Cells - Prokaryotic organisms lack membrane bound organelles; no nucleus, etc.

Nucleus Control center of the cell Location of DNA – which is our genetic make-up and holds the directions

Ribosomes Responsible for making proteins

Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell ATP (usable form of energy) is made here

Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis; Producers absorb sunlight energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make glucose (food)

Vacuole Storage center for the cell Stores water, food, etc. AKA the attic of the cell

Plasma/Cell Membrane Regulates what comes in and out of the cell; AKA gatekeeper

Cell Wall Provides structure and support

Cellular Transport Christopherson

Equilibrium/Homeostasis

Selectively Permeable?

Two types of transport in cells Passive Transport: Movement of particles from a high to a low concentration

Two types of transport in cells Active Transport: Movement of particles from a low to a high concentration; ATP is needed

Review: Diffusion Movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration HIGH LOW

Substances that can Diffuse across membrane Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

Passive or Active?

Review: Osmosis Movement of WATER from a high concentration to a low concentration Water will always move to the higher amount of dissolved solutes HIGH LOW

Hint: Water will ALWAYS move to the higher concentration of dissolved substances.

Isotonic Solution Cell remains same size Water moves in and out at same rate (time) The concentration of dissolved substances is equal in and out of cell.

Hypotonic Solution Cell swells Water moves in The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

Hypertonic Solution Cell shrinks Water moves out The higher concentration of dissolved substances is __________ the cell.

Passive or Active?

Active Transport Movement of larger substances from a low to a high concentration Transport protein and ATP is needed for assistance HIGH LOW

Passive or Active?

Energy and Photosynthesis I Christopherson

ATP Structure

Does ATP have ENERGY?

ADP Structure

Does ADP have ENERGY?

Photosynthesis Location

Review: Photosynthesis Function

Photosynthesis Summative

Purpose of Cell Respiration C6H12O6 ATP

Summative equation: Cell Respiration ATP

What does Anaerobic mean??? Respiration without oxygen

Organisms that Undergo Anaerobic Respiration Bacteria Yeast

Anaerobic Respiration: Simple Organisms C-C-C-C-C-C Glucose C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate Lactic Acid Fermentation Alcohol Fermentation

What does Aerobic mean??? Respiration with oxygen

Aerobic Respiration: Complex Organisms C-C-C-C-C-C Glucose C-C-C and C-C-C Pyruvate O2 ATP ATP ATP