Types of Asexual Reproduction: (Mitosis)

BINARY FISSION Parent cell splits producing two equal sized offspring paramecium Parent cell splits producing two equal sized offspring Example: Bacteria & Amoeba

Parent large and offspring small Example: hydra & yeast Budding Hydra can also reproduce sexually. Male and female structure sometimes occur on one individual but in most species the sexes are separate. In the autumn, testes appear near the tentacles and ovaries near the base. They, and the sex cells they produce, develop from the interstitial cells. Both male and female structures develop as swellings on the body but the male structures contain lost of sperm cells and the ovaries, only a single egg. When ripe, the male cells are shed into the water. Most of them perish but some reach and join with female cells. The zygotes so formed begin to divide rapidly and form balls of cells. These form a protective layer around themselves and drop off from the parent to spend the winter in the mud. When the water warms up in the spring, the cells break through the protective coat and grow into a new Hydra. Parent large and offspring small Example: hydra & yeast

If cut into 2 pieces each piece will be a new offspring. Regeneration If cut into 2 pieces each piece will be a new offspring. Will they be identical? ____ Yes How can they do this? They have more undifferentiated cells than vertebrates do.

Each spore (offspring) is a clone Sporulation Ex. Mold A spore is basically a reproductive cell that can grow into a new cell through mitotic cell division. Spore are stored in special spore cases until they are ready to be released. If conditions are favorable, they will grow into new individual cells. Each spore (offspring) is a clone

Vegetative Propagation Roots, stems, & leaves are called vegetative structures. They normally play a role in the nutrition & growth of plants. When they give rise to a new plant, the process is called vegetative propagation.

Types of Vegetative Propagation: Natural: Runners Bulbs Tubers Rhizomes Artificial: Cuttings Grafting

Runners Offspring grow from one parent plant Are they identical to parent plant?

Underground stem with fleshy leaves which store food Bulbs Onions Garlic Tulilp Daffodil hyacinth Underground stem with fleshy leaves which store food

Underground stem enlarged for storage of food Tuber Underground stem enlarged for storage of food Potato, artichoke. Runners, will form with these

Rhizomes Example: Irisis & day lilies Stems that grow sideways underground. New plants can grow from these stems.

Cuttings Vegetative part of a plant is cut, and it can develop into a new plant. Root Growth

Grafting A cutting from one plant (scion) is attached to the main body of a rooted plant (stock).

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION No sex cells No sex organs – no ovaries or testes                                                   No sex cells No sex organs – no ovaries or testes Mitosis used Offspring are clones No variation