The Early Middle Ages Pages 400-405

The Byzantine Empire IN: 6.1.5 Eastern Roman Empire Emperor Justinian’s Rule Had absolute power Organized Roman law into code-Justinian’s Code 1100s these laws helped kings in western Europe unify their power Remain laws in many countries today Byzantine Christianity The pope claimed the power to lead all Christians A New Alphabet Cyrillic alphabet-created by Cyril and Methodius

Christianity Splits-The Byzantine Empire Falls IN: 6.1.5 Eastern Church-rejects the pope’s authority as leader of all Christians Church went through an official schism or split Byzantine church-Eastern, Greek Orthodox church Western church-Roman Catholic Empire Falls After the split or schism of the church Arabs conquered most of Byzantine Empire-Muslims Ottoman Turks captures Constantinople-change name to Istanbul Islam introduced, center of Muslim culture

Creation of Kingdoms 450 CE Germanic tribes had taken control of the Western Roman Empire Visigoths settled in Spain Anglo-Saxons-Britain Franks-Gaul (present day France and Belgium) Charlemagne became king of the Franks from 742-814 Crowned Holy Roman Emperor in 800 After his death-the empire was divided between his sons Lands became the modern countries of France and Germany

Feudalism IN: 6.1.6 In the MA, warriors took control of most of the land, offered protection to peasants and pledged loyalty to the tribal leader called a lord or king. Feudalism-The Medieval way of life The roles of . . . King-provides $, recruits army, gives land to his many lords Lords-protect kings, manage his lands Knights-protect lords and kings (given land in return) Peasants-work the land

Manorialism The relationship between lords or knights and peasants The center was a manor-included castle, farmland, pastures, peasants and a village Peasants known a serfs worked the land (not slaves) Manors supplied all the food, clothing and shelter needed Wife of a lord was called a lady

High and Late Middle Ages Pages 408-416

The Crusades-Holy War/Muslims in Spain IN: 6.1.7 1095-Pope Urban II urged knights to free the holy land of Muslims Jerusalem where Jesus lived and taught 1096 Christians captured Jerusalem in the 1st and only successful crusade By 1186, Muslim leader Saladin recaptured Jerusalem By 718, Muslims conquered Spain Made advances in math and medicine Studied Greeks and Romans Corboda became center of Muslim culture

Changes brought on by the Crusades IN: 6.1.7 and 6.1.9 Returning Crusaders increased trade. Brought back spices and fabrics from the east. The Rise of Cities Improved farming-better food supply Technology develops-clocks, eyeglasses, armor, cannons Venice, Florence, Genoa and Naples become important trade cities Merchants, craftspeople form guilds-an association of people who have a common livelihood.

The Reconquista IN: 6.1.12 The reconquering of Spain by Christians 1000s Christians began taking land back from Muslims 1469 Ferdinand of Aragon, Isabella of Castile marry, unite Spain Inquisition –a church court set up to punish people who practiced other religions other than Christianity Jews and Muslims where burned at the stake 150,000 Jews and Muslims fled Spain

Magna Carta IN: 6.2.2 Limiting the King of England’s Power During the 1200s, King John demanded large amounts of money, set severe penalties for minor crimes without consulting the lords. Stated the law, not the king has ultimate power King John forced to sign Magna Carta, limiting his power leading England to a more democratic government Magna Carta is the basis of the U.S. Constitution

Magna Carta 1215

End of the Medieval Europe Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453 War between the kingdoms of England and France France won- led by Joan of Arc Black Death 1347 epidemic-Bubonic Plague 25 million people died, people began to doubt the church Killed many of the peasants that worked on the manor, the rest went to work in the towns, better wages Famine 1315 bad weather equals poor harvest equals 10-15% of the population dying by 1317 New Weapons Feudal lords could not defend themselves against armor piercing arrows and cannons

Black Death 1347