AGENDA – 9/6/2017 Bell-Ringer: Building Blocks of Life Take out notebook, pick up handouts, and TURN IN HW TO THE GRAY BASKET! Bell-Ringer: Building Blocks of Life Biomolecules (Carbohydrates and Lipids) notes Begin Unit 1.1 SPMS sheet (page 6) Homework: - Quiz on Friday over Intro to Biomolecules, Vocab HW, Carbs and Lipids notes, Proteins and Nucleic Acid Notes!

In the fourth box, put today’s date and write the question AND your answer inside the fourth box. What do you know about CARBOHYDRATES and LIPIDS? Brainstorm at least 3 things for each. Bell-ringer 9/6/17 Keep your composition book at your desk when finished. TURN IN YOUR BIOMOLECULES VOCAB NOW!

Today’s essential question: (This is a question you should be able to answer after we take notes today. You need to write it at the top of your notes page.) What are 3 similarities and 3 differences between Carbohydrates and Lipids?

Two or more atoms bonded together Carbohydrates (sugars) Bio- molecules Two or more atoms bonded together Life Bio-molecules are large molecules that make up living things. Proteins Carbohydrates (sugars) Nucleic Acids Lipids (fats)

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates A carbohydrate is a bio-molecule that supplies us with energy and has a 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen in the molecule. The sub-unit (monomer) of carbohydrates are single sugars, called monosaccharides. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates Carbs range from small sugar molecules to long starch molecules we consume in pasta and potatoes. Key source of energy found in most foods — especially fruits, vegetables, and grains

Carbohydrates: Monosaccharide: single sugar unit Examples: Glucose (C6H12O6) Fructose (Fruit Sugar) Galactose glucose

GLUCOSE Glucose is the simple sugar (monosaccharide) that plants make during photosynthesis. Plants use glucose: As an energy reserve until they need it To grow taller and bigger To create products such as plant hormone. Animals use glucose: As an energy reserve until we need it For energy It is known as our “blood sugar”

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Carbohydrates MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars glucose, fructose, and galactose have the same formula: But they are different because the atoms are arranged differently: 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

Carbohydrates Disaccharide: double sugar unit Examples: Sucrose (glucose+fructose) Lactose (glucose+galactose) Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucose Sucrose – cane sugar Lactose – milk sugar Maltose -

Polysaccharides Many sugars (basically a large molecule made of lots of single sugars bonded together) Examples: starch (glucose storage in plants) glycogen (glucose storage in animals) cellulose (fiber, plant cell walls) chitin (insect exoskeleton, fungus cell walls) glucose cellulose

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Lipids Lipids are large biomolecules that are insoluble (cannot dissolve) in water. (Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids) They are diverse in structure and function, but all are insoluble. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 12

Bio-molecule: Lipids Lipids are insoluble because part of these molecule’s structure is Hydrophobic OR repels water molecules. 13

Fats are lipids that store energy. Some lipids make up the membrane that wraps around our cells. 14

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Sub-units Fatty acid chains Fats and oils are made of fatty acids chains linked to a molecule of glycerol. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 15

Bio-molecule: Lipids Types of fatty acid chains: A fatty acid is a long chain of carbon and hydrogen. Glycerol is an alcohol molecule. Types of fatty acid chains: •Saturated Fatty Acids (Animal Fat, Solid at Room Temp) No double bonds- Bad Fat •Unsaturated Fatty Acid (Fish, Plants, Liquid at Room Temp) Double bonds- Good Fat Mono-unsaturated Poly-unsaturated 16

Bio-molecule: Lipids Steroids are structured in rings- but still a part of the lipid family because they are insoluble. Examples: Cholesterol, Estrogen, and Testosterone. 17

Answer today’s essential question: (You should be able to answer the essential question now at the bottom of your notes. When you finish, turn to page 6 in your notebook and begin filling out the Unit 1.1 SPMS sheet.) What are 3 similarities and 3 differences between Carbohydrates and Lipids?

Take out notebooks and pick up handouts! AGENDA – 9/7/2017 Take out notebooks and pick up handouts! Bell-Ringer: Proteins Proteins (Enzymes) and Nucleic Acids notes Homework: Quiz on Friday over Intro to Biomolecules, Vocab HW, Carbs and Lipids notes, Proteins and Nucleic Notes! Syllabus/Lab Safety Contract, signature form on Moodle

1. In the fifth box, Put today’s date and Write the question AND your answer inside the fifth box. Bellringer 9/7/17

How is the structure of a protein important to its function? Today’s essential question: (This is a question you should be able to answer after we take notes today. You need to write it at the top of your notes page.) How is the structure of a protein important to its function?

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a complex information storage biomolecule. (They provide directions for building proteins) 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids There are two main types of nucleic acids: •DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Master code for making protein •RNA (ribonucleic acid) Helps make proteins by using DNA’s code. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are large molecules made of smaller subunits called nucleotides. nitrogen

Bio-molecule: Nucleic Acids Interestingly, some nucleotides can perform important actions as individual molecules. The most common is ATP. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), is the primary energy molecule used by cells. Energy is stored in the bonds between the phosphates.

Adenosine Triphosphate What is atp? Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do.

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Proteins A protein is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, AND nitrogen. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 28

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Proteins The basic sub-unit (building blocks) of proteins are called amino acids. There are about 20 common amino acids that can make literally thousands of different kinds of proteins. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 29

How are proteins built? =

DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS How are proteins built? Dehydration Synthesis: is a chemical reaction in which two molecules bond together and lose a water molecule. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS To build/ put together Loss of water

Bonds in a protein: peptide bond The bonds that are created after dehydration synthesis that hold amino acids together in a protein are called PEPTIDE BONDS.

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Proteins Peptide bonds are covalent bonds formed between amino acids. 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163

This is why proteins are also referred to as Poly-Peptides. peptide bond peptide bond peptide bond peptide bond This is why proteins are also referred to as Poly-Peptides.

How are proteins broken down? =

How are proteins broken down? Hydrolysis: is a chemical reaction in which a bond between two molecules is broken by adding a water molecule. HYDRO LYSIS Hydrate: Add water To break

Protein Structure peptide bond NITROGEN ATOM Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Amino Acid Remember: Proteins contain NITROGEN atoms, as well as hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen Remember: A protein is a bunch of amino acids bonded together… Remember: the bonds between the amino acids are peptide bonds

Proteins Shape A protein’s shape is determined by the order that amino acids are joined in The shape of a protein determines its function Hemoglobin antibody enzymes polymerase

Degrees of Protein Structure Proteins have four stages or steps to how they are built, and end up in their final shape. Primary Degree of Structure: The order of amino acids in the chain. Secondary Degree of Structure: Spirals and pleats

Degrees of Protein Structure Tertiary Degree of Structure: Big folds Quarternary Degree of Structure: Binding with other folded proteins

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Proteins There are tens of thousands of different kinds of proteins, but they are classified into five groups: • STRUCTURAL • STORAGE • TRANSPORT • DEFENSIVE • ENZYMES 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 41

6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 Bio-molecule: Proteins Enzymes are proteins found in living things that put molecules together for your body OR break them apart for your body. (In other words, helps out with metabolism) 6.3 Section Summary 6.3 – pages 157-163 42

It’s shape that matters! Lock & Key model shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit specific enzyme for each specific reaction

Lock and Key Model Two substrates Enzyme Active site of the enzyme

Lock and Key Model The substrates fit like a key in a lock Enzyme The active site is like a lock

Lock and Key Model The activation energy for these substrates to bind together has been lowered by the enzyme. Chemical reaction!!! Enzyme

Substrate: Molecule(s) that will go through a chemical reaction Active Site: Place on an enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place Molecule specific: The shape of the molecule has to fit the active site of an enzyme exactly- like a puzzle piece.

What factors affect enzyme function? pH Temperature

pH Effect on rates of enzyme activity changes in pH changes protein shape~ Denatures most human enzymes = pH 6-8 depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8

pH Scale pH is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Acidic solutions have pH values below 7 A solution with a pH of 0 is very acidic. A solution with a pH of 7 is neutral. Pure water has a pH of 7. Basic solutions have pH values above 7.

pH stomach pepsin intestines trypsin reaction rate pH 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 What’s happening here?! reaction rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 pH

Temperature human enzymes reaction rate temperature 37° What’s happening here?! 37° reaction rate temperature

Graphing enzyme activity Increasing activity Denaturation: enzyme is ruined Optimum Enzyme activity Temperature (C) 20 30 40 50 60

Salivary Amylase is an example of an enzyme found in your saliva that helps break down carbohydrates. 54

Protease ________ ___________ Sucrase ________ ___________ In Biology when a word ends in –ase it is more than likely it’s an enzyme. Guess what polymers are broken down by these enzymes and what monomers are created? Polymer Monomer Protease ________ ___________ Sucrase ________ ___________ Lipase ________ ___________ Proteins Amino Acids Sucrose Glucose + Fructose Lipids Fatty acids + glycerol

Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job! DNA folded protein chain of amino acids DNA right shape! folded protein chain of amino acids DNA wrong shape!

For enzymes… What matters? SHAPE!

Review Macromolecules Proteins  Amino acids Carbohydrates  Sugars (monosaccharides, polysaccharides, glucose) Lipids  Fatty acids and a glycerol molecule Nucleic Acids  Nucleotides

How is the structure of a protein important to its function? Answer today’s essential question: (You should be able to answer the essential question now at the bottom of your notes.) How is the structure of a protein important to its function?

7- Characteristics of Life notes- 8/31 Put a TOC (Table of Contents) entry for “Protein and Nucleic Acid Notes” Should look similar the pic below so far… 7- Characteristics of Life notes- 8/31 8- Intro to Bio-Molecules Notes- 9/1 9- Carbs and Lipids Notes 9/6 10- Protein and Nucleic Acid Notes- 9/7 Tape or glue your notes on the correct page.