WHAT IS MANAGEMENT The word management comes from Italian word ‘maneggiare’(to handle especially tools) which in turn derives from word ‘manus’. The French word ‘mesnagement’ also influenced the development of english word management in 17th and 18th centuries.

ACCORDING TO MANAGEMENT GURU ‘PETER DRUCKER’(1906-2005) “Management is a multi purpose organ that manages business, manages managers and manages work”.

KEEPING IT SIMPLE MANAGEMENT MEANS- Managing men tactfully

MANAGEMENT AS ART

Mary Parker Follet,Harold Koontz and several other management authors called management “as an art of getting things done through people” Art refers to creative skill and talent which people require to conduct certain activities effectively. Art is an inborn talent, however it can be refined through learning and practice.

WHY IS MANAGEMENT AN ART? PERSONAL SKILL PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE RESULT ORIENTED

REGULAR PRACTICE CREATIVITY

MANAGEMENT AS SCIENCE

Science is systematic body of knowledge which is universally accepted. FW Taylor father of scientific management was perhaps the first person to consider management as science. He was of opinion that management should conduct their business affairs by following certain well established standards

Sciences can be broadly classified into two groups: PHYSICAL SCIENCE and SOCIAL SCIENCE Physical sciences like Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics are exact and accurate whereas as social sciences are not exact and accurate as these deal with humans. Management is social science as it deals with humans and humans have unpredictable behavior.

WHY IS MANAGEMENT SCIENCE? SYSTEMIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE CONTINUED OBSERVATION UNIVERSAL APPLICABILITY

CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONSHIP VALIDITY AND PREDICTABILITY

MANAGEMENT AS PROFESSION

According to Hodge and Johnson “Profession is vocation requiring some significant body of knowledge that is applied with high degree of consistency in service of some relevant segment of society.” A.S Horn by has defined profession as “ Occupation especially on requiring advanced education and special training.”

WHY IS MANAGEMENT PROFESSION? BODY OF SPECIALIZED KNOWLEDGE AND TECHNIQUES FORMALIZED METHODS OF ACQUIRING, TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE ESTABLISHMENT OF PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

CODE OF CONDUCT PRIORITY OF SERVICE OVER ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION

COMPARISON ART 1.BASED ON PRACTICE AND CREATIVITY 2.IT IS THEORETICAL BODY OF KNOWLEDGE 3.HAS PERSONALIZED APPLICATION SCIENCE 1.IT IS BASED ON EXPERIMENTATION 2.IT IS SYSTEMIZED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE 3.HAS UNIVERSAL APPLICATION PROFESSION 1.ETHICAL CODE OF CONDUCT 2. WELL DEFINED BODY OF KNOWLEDGE 3.SERVICE MOTIVE AND FEE AS REMUNERATION

CONCLUSION MANAGEMENT IS BOTH ART AND SCIENCE MANAGEMENT IS KNOWN AS SOFT OR INEXACT SCIENCE MANAGEMENT IN SOME RESPECTS QUALIFY AS A PROFESSION MANAGEMENT IS NOW BACKED BY SYSTEMIZED BODY OF LANGUAGE AND IS A EMERGING PROFESSION

LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT

TOP MANAGEMENT consists of Owners, Board of Directors, CEO, General Manager

FUNCTIONS 1. Determining the objectives or goals. 2 FUNCTIONS 1. Determining the objectives or goals. 2. Framing policies and making plans to achieve the objectives laid . 3. Setting up an organizational framework. 4. Assembling the resources. 5. Exercising the effective control. 6. Providing overall leadership.

MIDDLE MANAGEMENT can further be classified into: (A) SENIOR MIDDLE MANAGEMENT consists of production manager, marketing manager and finance manager. (B) JUNIOR MIDDLE MANAGEMENT consists of divisional and sectional officers ,deputy managers and branch managers.

FUNCTIONS: 1. Interpreting the policies framed by top level. 2 FUNCTIONS: 1. Interpreting the policies framed by top level. 2. Preparing the organizational setup in their respective department. 3. Assigning duties and responsibilities. 4. Compiling and issuing instructions to the supervisors. 5. Motivating personnel for higher productivity.

LOWER OR OPERATING MANAGEMENT consists of superintendents, supervisors and foremen.

FUNCTIONS: 1. To plan day to day work within the goals prescribed by higher level. 2. To issue order and instructions for executing the work . 3. To arrange materials and equipment for the work force. 4. Providing on the job training to workers. 5. To supervise control and maintain personal contact with them. 6. To advise, guide, communicate and solve their problems. 7. To maintain proper discipline and good relations among workers.

MANAGEMENT V/S ADMINISTRATION

What Is Management ? Management in business and organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively

Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or initiative to accomplish a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management is also an academic discipline, a social science whose object of study is the social organization.

What Is Administration? The administration of a business includes the performance of business operations and decision making as well as the efficient organization of people and other resources to direct activities toward common goals and objectives.

The Administrator takes complete control of the company, its business and assets

MANAGEMENT V/S ADMINISTRATION There is a controversy on the use of these terms. Some authors say that administration and management are the same thing and there is no difference between the two words while others feel that they are different.

Administration is above Management Oliver Sheldon was the first person to make a distinction between administration and management. According to him “Administration determines policy and management execute that policy.” American authors also agree with this point.

Administration is a part of Management Brech(European school) has propounded this view. He said “Administration is that part of management which involves doing routine things in a known setting. So European view is exactly the opposite to the American view point.

Administration and Management is one In the words of New man, “Management or administration is the guidance, leadership and control of the efforts of a group of individuals towards some common goods.” Authors like George Telly, Allen, Koontz and O’Donnell also feel that both the terms mean the same thing.

Summary Management is the act or function of putting into practice the policies and plans decided upon by the administration. Administration is a determinative function, while management is an executive function. Administration makes the important decisions of an enterprise in its entirety, whereas management makes the decisions within the confines of the framework, which is set up by the administration. Administrators are mainly found in government, military, religious and educational organizations. Management, on the other hand, is used by business enterprises.

Difference between Management and Administration

Nature of work Administration- thinking function, decision making function Management- executing function, doing function Scope Administration- Major decisions of an enterprise as a whole Management- Decisions within the framework set by the administration.

Level of Authority Administration- Top level activity Management- Middle level activity Status Administration- Consists of owners who invest capital in and receive profits from an enterprise Management- Group of managerial personnel who use their specialized knowledge to fulfill the objectives of an enterprise

Main Functions Administration- Planning and organizing Management- Motivating and controlling Skill Required Administration- Conceptual and human skills required Management- Technical and human skills required

Nature of Organisation Administration- in government, military, educational and religious organisations Management- in business firms Influence Administration- external factors Management- internal factors

Abilities Administration- Handles the business aspects such as finance Abilities Administration- Handles the business aspects such as finance. Management- Handles the employees

Key difference:  Administration frames the objectives and policies of an organization. Management implements these policies and objectives.

Universality of management

The concept of universality of management is, therefore , subject to the following two connotations. Management principles can be successfully applied to different kinds of enterprises such as business enterprises, clubs, hospitals and so on. Management principles are applicable to different economic systems of the world. They have world wide utility.

Arguments in favour of universality Common problems of effective use of inputs: Although objectives differ, all organisations require certain principles, concepts and skills of management for allocating scarce resources such as time, human resources, capita and so on. Distinction between fundamentals and techniques: Management fundamentals are the basic principles and theories, while management techniques are the tools for performing managerial functions. The principles, concepts and skills of management are universal, only the practices change.

Management skills and principles are Transferable: Management as a process: Management as a process is universal. It means functions of planning, organising, leading and controlling are basic and are performed by all managers regardless of the type of enterprise. Management skills and principles are Transferable: When skills and principles can be transferred then it has universal applicability. Managers can be developed through education and training. This knowledge can be acquired by any one and anywhere so it is not related to particular caste or creed.

Arguments against Universality Differences in philosophies: Differences in philosophies of various enterprises may not allow a person to be an effective manager in all types of enterprises. This difference may require different kinds of managerial techniques. Differences in objectives; The objectives of an organisation determines the type of management required. Because of differences in objectives, the competence, the skills and the experience in management can not as such be transferred and applied from one organisation to another.

Differences in Culture: Identifiable cultural differences bring variations in managerial behaviour patterns. Management philosophy is culture bound and hence it is not universally applicable.

A critical analysis of the above arguments brings out that every type of organisation require management. Managerial functions like planning, organising, staffing and controlling are to be performed in all types of organisations. The objectives of enterprises may differ but the type of situations to be dealt with by them are the same. It is obvious that principles, concepts and skills are universal, only practices change.

SIGNIFICANCE OF MANAGEMENT

THE FOLLOWING FACTS CLEARLY HIGHLIGTH THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGEMENT ACHIEVING PRE –DETERMINED OBJECTIVES ENSURING MAXIMUM UTILIZATION OF RESOURCES OF PRODUCTION OVERCOMING COMPETITION ENSURING INTEGRGATION WITH CHANGING ENVIRONMENT ENSURING SMOOTH RUNNING OF LARGE SCALE BUSSINESS MAINTAINING A SOUND ORGANISATINAL STRUCTURE ETABLISHING GOOD LOBOUR OWNER RELATIONSHIPS FULFILLING THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AIMING AT INCREASED PROFITS

1. ACHIEVING PRE – PREDETERMINED OBJECTIVES EACH ORGANISATION IS ESTABLISED WITH CERTAIN AIMS . MANAGEMENT IS THE ONLY MEDIUM AND POWER WHICH CAN HELP IN THE SUCCESSFUL ATTAINMENT OF THESE AIMS.

2. Ensuring maximum utilisation of resources Management is that power which by establishing an effective coordination Between the various resources of production makes an optimum use of these Resources.

3.Overcoming competition Competition is increasing with the widening of area and larger dimension of business. In such a competitive atmosphere only that organisation can survive which can make available to its customers the best quality of the goods at the cheapest rate.

4. Ensuring integration with changing environment Management is not only limited to various internal functions of an organisation but it has to compromise with the outer atmosphere also .Only an efficient manager can coordinate his work with changing atmosphere .

5. Ensuring Smooth Running of Large Scale Business In view of the large scale production the means of production (Men, Money, Material, Machine, Etc. ) will also be required on a large scale.To perform these functions efficient and in a controlled manner ,need of an efficient manager is paramount.

6.Maintaining a Sound Organizational Structure A sound organisational structure means defining a clear relationship between the superiors and their subordinates.

7.Establishing Good Labour – Owner Relationship Labour and capital are the two main resources of production. The owners invest capital and determine objectives while the labour tries to transform Those objectives into reality. Therefore, existence of a sweet relationship between the two is of paramount importance.

8. Fulfilling the Social Responsibility A business establishments starts its activities in society, prospers and reaches the climax of development in the same social surroundings. Thus no organisation can remain aloof from society and yet survive.

9.Aiming at Increased Profits In order to increase the profits of any organisation it is the basic principal either to increase the sales revenue or reduce costs. Increasing the sales revenue is beyond The control of an organisation to some extent but to affect a reduction in costs is primarily an internal affair of the organisation and it can certainly be accomplished with the help of good quality raw material, modern machinery and trained employees.