Camerawork: Framing, Composition & Movement Moving Images Camerawork: Framing, Composition & Movement

Recap: Over the shoulder and 180 degree rule Shot Reverse Shot

Identify the shots in this clip Shot Reverse Shot & the 180 Degree Rule Breaks continuity 180°Line Over the Shoulder – Reverse shot Over the Shoulder -Shot Two Shot or Master Shot: Establishes spacial relations Identify the shots in this clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDbyYGrswtg E.g. IT Crowd

Things to analyse Framing (what is in shot) Composition (putting together) Lens (telephoto, zoom, wide angle) Depth of field (shallow/deep) Camera Angles Camera shots Colour & lighting

Filming Speed Slow Motion (slo-mo): The camera is ‘over cranked’ so that film goes through the gate quicker than normal. Slow when played at normal speed. Three Colours White Fast Motion: Reversing the process – film run slowly through the camera which looks speeded up when run at normal speed. Love & Death Slo mo – 2.11

The 5 Elements of Mise en Scene Production Design: Settings, Props and Costumes (including hair and makeup) Colour & Lighting: : In production design and lighting - Low key/high key Actors’ performance: Acting and Facial Expressions & Body Language Proxemics: Positioning of characters/objects/props within the frame *Sound – Diegetic Sound (sound that emanates from the scene) – this will be looked at next week

1. Production: Settings/Locations Settings & Locations play an important part in film-making and are not just ‘backgrounds’. They are often dynamic, moving from one location to another Sets are either built from scratch or a great deal of time is spent to find a setting which already exists (set designer/set dresser) Settings can manipulate an audience

1. Production: Settings How does the setting create meaning in the following clip? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccWrbGEFgI8

1. Production: Props An object used on stage or on screen by actors during a performance or screen production. In practical terms, a prop is considered to be anything movable or portable on a stage or a set.

1. Production: Props From the following clip, pick 3 props and think about how they might make meaning for an audience. Try to focus particularly on any symbolic interpretations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Z1XpfbuZOA

1. Production: Costume, Hair & Make Up Tells us immediately whether the film is set in the present and what society/or culture it will centre around An instant indicator to us of a character’s personality, status & job Symbolic - Certain costumes can signify certain individuals (i.e. black cloak of a vampire, or groups (e.g. policemen)

Task - Costume Watch the clip below and make notes on how the costumes make meaning. What connotations do each element of costume have? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rARN6agiW7o

2. Lighting and Colour Colour carries certain connotations which may add meaning to a scene (i.e. Red = Danger/Passion) Cinematography - give a scene a particular look, feel or mood Can be used for dramatic effect

BACK LIGHT FILLER LIGHTS KEY LIGHT

Types of Lighting LOW KEY LIGHTING: Created by using only the key & back lights Produces sharp contrasts of light and dark areas Deep, distinct shadows/silhouettes are formed

Types of Lighting HIGH KEY LIGHTING: By using more filler lights the lighting is natural and realistic to the viewer Produces brightly lit sets or a sunny day (right)

What type of lighting has been used in these shots and to what effect? Make sure you also analyse for the mise en scene.

TV Dramas use lighting for a variety of different effects TV Dramas use lighting for a variety of different effects. Use these question to help you consider why certain lightings have been used.

Mise en scene is vital in conveying information through ‘visual signifiers’ (things we see on screen). This is how we as the audience extract meaning – connotations…

What symbolic meanings are generated by elements of mise en scene? Signs and symbols in media texts are polysemic which means they are open to many interpretations.

Name the genre

2. Lighting and Colour Lighting can be used to achieve a variety of effects: To highlight important characters or objects within the frame To make characters look mysterious by shading sections of the face & body To reflect a characters mood and emotions and gives key pointers in terms of expectations/indicates genre

2. Types of Lighting LOW KEY LIGHTING: Created by using only the key & back lights Produces sharp contrasts of light and dark areas Deep, distinct shadows/silhouettes are formed Example: Film Noir/Horror Films http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsmVL7SDp5Y

2. Types of Lighting HIGH KEY LIGHTING: More filler lights are used. Lighting is natural and realistic to our eyes Produces brightly lit sets or a sunny day (right) Example: Rom-Coms

BACK LIGHT FILLER LIGHTS KEY LIGHT

What type of lighting?

What type of lighting?

What type of lighting?

2. Lighting Watch the following clip and comment on how lighting influences an audiences response http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5I1q4KhKNU http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zy1RODNymlQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uA3OnIYW5u4 The Descent - The lighting causes the rocks to close in on you and the claustrophobia so palpable that you may find your breath quickening if you're even breathing at all. The entire second act of the film is a series of tight spaces that constrict the viewer until you almost wonder if you're going to make it. The tons and tons of rock weighing on your chest as Sarah and her friends attempt to wiggle through tiny shaft or cross yawning caverns while hanging by a hand create a ceaselessly plodding sense of dread. By using only these light sources, the director and cinematographer have constructed a set that is utterly believable and terrifying if you have even the slightest aversion to close quarters. After the group enters the caves there is literally no scene that I recall being fully lit in any way. But, just as you think you may be crushed by the unimaginable weight of the earth above you, the women exit into a spacious cavern allowing you and them to breathe again. Except that there are still those shadows everywhere.

3. Actors’ Performance: Facial Expressions & Body Language Facial Expressions/gestures/movement provide a clear indicator of how someone is feeling NVC, smiling – signifies they are happy but we may get a different feeling if this is accompanied by scary music Body Language – signifies how a character feels towards another character or may reflect the state of their relationship

TASK: What meanings/emotions do the following images convey: IMAGE 1

IMAGE 2

IMAGE 3

3. Actors’ Performance Look at the two performers in the clip below. What elements of their performance create meaning? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xN1WN0YMWZU

4. Proxemics: Positioning of Characters & Objects within a frame Proxemics (spacial relations), relationship between props, costume, characters, lighting, acting –how they create meaning. A film-maker can use positioning to indicate relationships between people

TASK: What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

IMAGE 1 -What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

IMAGE 2-What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

IMAGE 3 - What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

IMAGE 4 -What does the positioning in the following images reveal about the characters/film:

Bringing it all together!

Now you try!

Pride and Prejudice - 2003

Marvel Avengers Assemble - 2012

The Dark Knight - 2008

Intolerance - 1916

The Inbetweeners - 2011

The Hunger Games - 2012

The Hangover Part II - 2011

Twilight Saga - 2008

Fallen Angel - 1943

Star Trek Intro Darkness - 2012

Django Unchained - 2012

The Conjuring - 2013

Master Shot

Camera Shots - Recap

Big Close-Up

Close-Up

Medium Close-Up

Two Shot

Deep Focus – Citizen Kane

Medium Shot

Medium Long-Shot

Long Shot

Skyfall http://www.fxguide.com/featured/skyfall/

Editing Clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gQnKGXHbgMA

Jump Cut http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4HnxP-ti7E

Mildred Pierce – Mise en Scene and camera shots/framing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8WQkvyVdf28

Groups for research Semiotic group To consider the terms signifier and signified, connotation and denotation. Explain and show these terms in grammatically correct sentences. Choose an image (could be a poster) and look at iconic, indexical, symbolic signs you can . You can also look at mode of address, polysemic and anchorage of that image.

Groups for research Mise en scene Choose a clip, it could be music video, soap opera, games and analyse the mise en scene. Consider the setting, lighting, props, costume, proxemics, body language. How does it make the audience feel? Make sure you use correct terms, e.g. signifies, connotes.

Groups for research Primary codes Define the terms Look at primary (NVC, body language, you could consider proxemics, dress codes and colour) Choose an image (could be poster) and identify primary codes and offer connotations. Indicate what these codes signify to the audience.

Groups for research Technical codes Define key terms. Choose an image, it can be from a film. Try to choose an image that will give you lots to talk about. Consider the types of shot, the position, lighting of the shot and depth of field. Why is shot scale/angle important? Think about emotional response of the audience.

Groups for research Sound Your task is to research sound. Define the key terms, e.g. diegetic and non diegetic. Find an example and identify the types of sound. You could focus on how music can convey meaning, identify characters, create mood and expectation