Why pace? The influence of social, housing, management, life history, and demographic characteristics on locomotor stereotypy in zoo elephants  Brian J. Greco, Cheryl L. Meehan, Jennifer L. Heinsius, Joy A. Mench  Applied Animal Behaviour Science  Volume 194, Pages 104-111 (September 2017) DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.05.003 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The prevalence of SB major forms (stationary whole-body, locomotor, oral, and self-directed) and the average percentage of SB observations elephants performed each form. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2017 194, 104-111DOI: (10.1016/j.applanim.2017.05.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 The influence of Percent Time Housed Separately (the percentage of time an elephant spends socially separate from herd mates) on the odds of Locomotor Presence. Social Group Contact was held constant at the average value of 1.6 social groups and Percent Time Indoor was held constant at the average value of 18.5%. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2017 194, 104-111DOI: (10.1016/j.applanim.2017.05.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 The influence of Social Group Contact (the number of social groups of which an elephant is a member) on the odds of Locomotor Presence. Percent Time Housed Separately was held constant at the average value of 24.3% and Percent Time Indoor was held constant at the average value of 18.5%. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2017 194, 104-111DOI: (10.1016/j.applanim.2017.05.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 The influence of Percent Time Indoor (the percentage of time an elephant spent indoors) on the odds of Locomotor Presence. Percent Time Housed Separately was held constant at the average value of 24.3% and Social Group Contact was held constant at the average value of 1.6. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2017 194, 104-111DOI: (10.1016/j.applanim.2017.05.003) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. Terms and Conditions