Pop Quiz! 0. Who is the portrait of in the next slide?

Modern China

Modern China Analyze the impact of geography, history, and imperialism on China today Evaluate the most effective way for the U. S. to approach China in the future

Revolution in China © Student Handouts, Inc.

China: Physical Geography

China: Physical Geography What can you tell about China just by looking at it? Where will the invasions come from? Where will you build cities? Who will your enemies be? What are your natural barriers?

The Dynastic Cycle The Mandate of Heaven Is this a solid system? 1. What are the strengths of this system? 2. What problems might arise?

Chinese Dynasties Song (to the tune of "Frere Jacques”)  Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han  Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han  Sui, Tang, Song  Sui, Tang, Song  Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic  Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic  Mao and Deng  Mao and Deng

Manchuria and the Qing Dynasty

End of the Qing Dynasty Ming 1300s-1600s Qing 1600s-1911 FORBIDEN CITY- Beginning of the Qing Dynasty overview SUMMER PALACE- Empress Dowager & End of the Qing

The British want to trade with the dynasties Treaty of Nanking Gives all power of trade to foreign influence Treaty made by the British Empire feels forced to sign the treaty Trade must be under British law Everything under British law Hong Kong given to the British Opium Wars Opium Wars 1840-42

Fall of the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi (1835-1908) De facto Chinese monarch (1861-1908) (she was a concubine who had the only son) Golden chopsticks Bought a summer palace with the money for the Navy Anti-foreign HOWEVER, foreign influences were the only way for her to keep her power Blamed by many Chinese for foreign imperialist power in China Many see her as the reason for the end of the dynasties in China Fall of the Qing

Pop Quiz! Name the first dynasty of China. Name the last dynasty of China. Describe two significant accomplishments and/or failures of the Ming dynasty. Where were Qing royalty from? Where did Qing leaders live (name two places). This country forced China to buy this product, which was legal one place and illegal the other. What are the two main rivers in China?

Pop Quiz, answers! Name the first dynasty of China. Shang Name the last dynasty of China. Qing Describe two significant accomplishments and/or failures of the Ming dynasty. Built huge naval fleet, destroyed it. Added to Great Wall, which didn’t stop invaders.

Pop Quiz, answers! 4. Where were Qing royalty from? Manchuria 5. Where did Qing leaders live (name two places). Forbidden City Summer Palace 6. This country forced China to buy this product, which was legal one place and illegal the other. England, Opium 7. What are the two main rivers in China? Yangtze Yellow

Boxer Rebellion Boxers: Goals: Peasants Displaced workers and peasants “Society of Glorious and Harmonious Fists” Goals: Get rid of foreign influence Qing Dynasty (Manchurian ethnic group) is foreign to the Boxers, therefore get rid of them too Restore the Ming Dynasty because this is when the Han (ethnic group) ruled Boxer Rebellion

Kuomintang Revolution (1912) Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian) Founded Kuomintang (KMT) – Nationalist party Overthrew Qing dynasty Established a republic President of Chinese Republic Pro-democracy Pro-republican form of government Pro-western ideas (but wants to maintain Chinese sovereignty) Democracy can help China! Kuomintang Revolution (1912) Kuomintang symbol

Three Principles of the People Kuomintang Principle of Mínquán Democracy – the people are sovereign Principle of Mínzú Nationalism – an end to foreign imperialism Principle of Mínshēng Social Reforms– economic development, industrialization, modernized, technology and social welfare – elements of progressivism and socialism China is so far behind in technology at this point Want to compete with the rest of the world

Kuomintang: Weaknesses Disunity (2 PROBLEMS): 1. Local warlords fought Kuomintang for control Greedy warlords who think the disunity will help them gain power 2. Wars raged between 1912 and 1928 Nationalists vs. Communists Also, poor transportation 1914 – only 6,000 miles of railroad track 225,000 miles in the United States Few decent roads

The Kuomintang (KMT) is Split Right wing Business people Politicians Left wing Communists Intellectuals Radicals Students

Chiang Kai-shek Supports KMT and Sun Yat-Sen 1927 becomes commander and chief of the KMT army Puts down Warlords Finally unifies the country Later starts war with Chinese Communist Party Possible anecdote: The Kuomintang changed the name of Peking/Beijing to Peiping (or Beiping) in 1928. Chiang Kai-shek

Civil War in China 1927-1932 and 1933-1937 – war between Communists and Nationalists Communists – Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Nationalists – Chiang Kai-shek War halted 1932-1933 and 1937-1945 to fight Japanese aggression before and during WWII

Foreign Imperialists-- Japan World War I and the Treaty of Versailles China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles Therefore border conflicts with Japan and China Japan attempted to make China a Japanese protectorate (they did so with Korea) Action condemned and stopped by other leading world powers Foreign Imperialists-- Japan

Nationalists and Communists now fought TOGETHER against Japan July 1937 Japan takes over North China and moves toward Beijing Japan takes over Nanking 300,000 people die Disastrous Level the city Japanese have superior “everything” because they used Western technology Nanking Massacre Who can save China? Rape of Nanking

Mao Zedong (Communist leader) gains support for the communist fight Kai-Shek wants to eliminate communists out of Kuomintang Ends up gaining supporters for communists… oops Communists march out of city to farmland 100,000 started (many deaths along the way) 30,000 left Long March

Civil War in China Communists and Nationalists resumed war after fighting Japan Communists were victorious in 1949 Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan) (across Formosa Straight)

Suggestion for processing: Graph the following using information from the PP Foreign Influence Timeline

March of Communism What has happened? What are your predictions?

Communists in Control – 1949 Many Kuomintang converted to Communists Manchuria – taken over by Communists in 1948 Japan had can control of it December, 1949 -- Communists in control Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalists retreated to Formosa (Taiwan) Communists in Control – 1949

Geographical Changes Communist China gained control over: Chinese Turkestan (Xinjiang) Inner Mongolia Manchuria Tibet (Later Taiwan) Geographical Changes PRC = People’s Repblic of China (Communists) / ROC = Republic of China (Nationalists)

Political Changes under Mao Communist government on mainland China Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Chairman Mao – chairman of the Communist party and leader of China – 1943-1976 Political Changes under Mao Possible anecdote: Other men served as chairman of the republic (as opposed to both the party and the republic) as well as premier, but Mao was the de facto leader of China until his death in 1976.

Economic Changes under Mao First Five-Year Plan (1953-1957) Advances in agriculture and coal, electricity, iron, and steel production Second Five-Year Plan (1958-1962) “Great Leap Forward” China became a leading industrial country Peasants organized into communes Widespread catastrophe – famine – at least 14 million deaths (maybe even 40 million) Not recorded because Mao tells everyone of the glories of communism Melt down pots and pans for medal (meet quotas) Nothing to cook or farm with Lie in order to meet demands, sell off too much food Uneducated, bad harvest Students in China are not this history Economic Changes under Mao Note: Chairman Mao’s role as China’s leader became less significant following the failure of the Great Leap Forward.

Cultural Revolution (1966-1969) “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” Most groups (anti-communist or anti-Mao) destroyed Educated…killed Buddhist…killed Pro-dynasties…killed Own Books…killed Mao hater…killed Effort to revive interest in Mao’s ideas (and for Mao to regain power) after the failed Great Leap Forward Mao claimed that reactionary bourgeoisie elements were taking over the party Call for youths to engage in post-revolutionary class warfare Red Guards (consisting of young people) marched throughout China Older alleged reactionaries removed from positions of power Cultural Revolution (1966-1969)

4 OLDS Old Customs Old Traditions Old Habits Old Ideas

Red Guards Teenagers who have been indoctrinated Believed they have been inspired Youth completely manipulated by adults Force people to believe in Mao Red Guards start fighting each other because each Red Guard group believe they are better Maoists Gang warfare Red Guards

Mao’s Little Red Book The Chinese Communist Party is the core of the Chinese revolution, and its principles are based on Marxism-Leninism. Party criticism should be carried out within the Party. The revolution, and the recognition of class and class struggle, are necessary for peasants and the Chinese people to overcome both domestic and foreign enemy elements. This is not a simple, clean, or quick struggle. War is a continuation of politics, and there are at least two types: just (progressive) and unjust wars, which only serve bourgeois interests. While no one likes war, we must remain ready to wage just wars against imperialist agitations. Note: Mao’s Quotations were published by the Chinese government from 1964 to 1976.

Mao’s Little Red Book Fighting is unpleasant, and the people of China would prefer not to do it at all. At the same time, they stand ready to wage a just struggle of self-preservation against reactionary elements, both foreign and domestic. China's road to modernization will be built on the principles of diligence and frugality. Nor will it be legitimate to relax if, 50 years later, modernization is realized on a mass scale. A communist must be selfless, with the interests of the masses at heart. He must also possess a largeness of mind, as well as a practical, far-sighted mindset. Women represent a great productive force in China, and equality among the sexes is one of the goals of communism. The multiple burdens which women must shoulder are to be eased.

CULTURAL CLEANSING “Look. This is called the Good Fortune Photo Studio. Doesn’t that mean to make a lot of money, just like Great Prosperity Market? Chairman Mao told us that was exploitation. Don’t you think this is fourolds?” “Right. We should change it to the Proletarian Photo Studio” “We had often been sorry that we were too young to have fought with Chairman Mao against the Japanese invaders; against the dictator Chiang Kai-Shek, who ruthlessly oppressed the Chinese people…”

Tiananmen Square Youth occupy Tiananmen Square as a sit-down protest For freedom Not necessarily against government Goal: want slightly more democracy Youth occupy Square in April 1989 June forced to disperse June 3-4 night of massacre 5,000 people die The reason we know about it is because there were foreign journalists there who were protected by the protesters Many died in order to protect journalists China is forced to loosen up

This happened during Tiananmen Square Tank Man This happened during Tiananmen Square

Today China Warns Foreign Media Not to Cover Protest (NPR) “ Chinese police are further intensifying pressure on foreign reporters, warning them to stay away from spots designated for Middle East-inspired protests and threatening them with expulsion or a revoking of their credentials.” Love-hate relationship with foreign travelers

Next, China today …

Review Questions Which group led the Republican Revolution of 1912? What common enemy united the Nationalists and Communists? Who led the Communist Revolution? Describe the Great Leap Forward. Describe the Cultural Revolution. What issues face China today?