Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) Mission Particles and Fields Package Pre-Ship Review 2 STATIC Nov 19, 2012 Section 2: STATIC James McFadden

STATIC Team STATIC (Supra Thermal And Thermal Ion Composition) Or (Significant Troubles Ahead, Take Immense Caution) Or (Start of Thermovac Activities Thrown Into Confusion) Or (Slipped Timetables Annoy That Irate Curtis) Instrument Lead: James McFadden Electrical: Robert Abiad, Ken Hatch, Dorothy Gordon, Chris Tiu, Peter Berg, Selda Heavner Mechanical: Greg Dalton, Greg Johnson, Paul Turin, Chris Smith Testing: Onno Kortmann, Mario Markwordt

Summary of Science Requirements STATIC Science Objectives and Requirements Thermal Ionospheric Ions (0.1-10 eV) - >1 eV due to RAM velocity (~4 km/s), peak flux at ~2-3 eV - densities of 105/cm3 require both attenuators - densities of 103-104/cm3 require single attenuator - resolve 3D angle distribution requires ~10-20 deg sensor resolution - resolve parallel temperature down to ~0.1 eV requires ~1 eV Suprathermal Ion Tail – Conics (5-100 eV) - >5 eV ions with escape velocity - expected fluxes similar to Earth’s aurora - as RAM ions drop below ~102/cm3, switch off attenuators Pick-up Ions (100 – 20,000 eV) - tenuous flux may require long integrations - flux generally maximum perpendicular to solar wind V and B - optimal measurements may require rotation of APP - instrument should not saturate in magnetosheath

STATIC Block Diagram Starting from the top: 1) Ions are energy selected by the analyzer 2) Ions post accelerated by 15 kV 3) Ions penetrate Start foil producing e- 4) Start electrons accelerated and deflected to the MCP producing signal in Start anodes 5) Ions traverse 2 cm and penetrate Stop foils producing e- 6) Stop e-, accelerated by ~10 kV, penetrate thick foil (-4-5 kV), strike MCP producing signal in Stop anodes 7) Protons penetrating Stop foil are captured by thick foil before reflecting 8) Heavy ions may reflect before thick foil, due to energy losses in foils, but have high efficiency for foil e- production 9) Separate delay line anodes for Start and Stop signal allows both position and time coincidence for rejection of noise. 10) Digital interface board decodes and stores event before transfer to PFDPU 11) 4 sec cycle time 64E x 16 Deflections Mechanical Attenuator Electrostatic Attenuator

Status of STATIC STATIC has completed calibrations STATIC has two open PFRs STATIC schedule: Vibration 10-31 Thermal Vacuum 11-1 to 11-12 Acoustics 11-13 Magnetics 11-14 Post Environmental functional test 11-15 to 11-21

STATIC PFR Status PFR # Issue Status 27 Digital Board: Reversal of U36 – part installed backwards Closed 29 Digital Board: J5 mating connector too close to ICs 30 Digital Board: J4 mating connector too close to ICs 51 LVPS: Silkscreen layout error caused wrong resistor installation 55 Digital Board: Damaged trace replaced by wire 56 Sweep HVPS: Resistor added to board 57 Digital Board: Adding shorting wire between analog and digital ground 58 TDC: Tantalum capacitors replaced by ceramic parts to avoid stress failure 60 Anode: Excess solder on parts and board removed or OKd 64 Anode: Connector housing slightly damaged during rework 66 Digital Board: Diode installed backwards 70 Digital Board: Through hole transistors installed on surface mount pads 79 ACC+MCP: Trace split into 2 on schematic and layout reconnected 80 ACC+MCP: Transistor installed incorrectly 82 ACC+MCP: Transformer lacking grounding due to schematic mistake 88 Anode 2: Connector housing slightly damaged during rework

STATIC PFR Status PFR # Issue Status 93 ACC+MCP: WTAX connector pins interfering with mounting hardware Closed 95 ACC+MCP: Resistors added to board for circuit modification 97 ACC+MCP: Transformer specification wrong, rewind new one 100 Attenuator: Attenuator redesigned and rebuilt 102 Attenuator: Pin puller actuator burned out and replaced 106 ACC+MCP: Transformer grounding wire soldered to wrong post 118 Digital Board: Traces too close to mounting holes compressed 119 Detector noise too high Open 120 TDC: Race condition in circuit rewired 125 --- V-grid noise (~3V) detected in housekeeping. Open 119 and 125 solved and should be ready to close

STATIC PFR 119 Detector Background Noise too large Although coincidence logic can remove noise, background noise should be below ~1kHz. Sensor could fly and meet requirements at ~10 kHz background, but would lose sensitivity for tenuous pickup ions. Sensor background is primarily due to field emission, or related ion feedback, associated with the -15 kV high voltage bias of the TOF analyzer. Sensor background noise varied from <1 kHz to >1 MHz during testing. Sensor would operate for extended periods with acceptable background levels then develop noise. Identification of the noise was difficult due to multiple, independent noise sources, some of which only showed up after several tens of hours at HV. Sources of TOF Background Field emission from dust Field emission from carbon foils Field emission from external surfaces Field emission sub-visual contamination Ion feedback from absorbed gas

STATIC PFR 119 Problems Identified and Fixes Implemented: Field emission from dust Changed part placement procedures for clean bench Careful visual inspections with bright lights Careful visual inspection with UV light Field emission from carbon foils Suppression grid added to start foils Kapton tape ribbon covering edges of foil frames Field emission from external surfaces Suppression grids electro-polished Start/Stop foil clamps electro-polished Foil Clamps left bare Al (not gold plated) Edges of TOF foil frames covered in Kapton tape ribbon Field emission sub-visual contamination Run ACC at 15kV (detectors off) for ~48 hrs to burn off Ion feedback from absorbed gas Run ACC at 15kV (detectors off) for ~48 hrs to burn off Monitor ACC current for ~0.5 mA variations Current status: After the above fixes were implemented, the sensor was placed in high vacuum on 10-13 and pumped for 2 days. On 10-16, STATIC HV was turned on and ACC raised to 13 kV – no noise. At 15 kV, low level noise appeared and continued to grow over ~10 min. Noise remained as HV was lowered to ~10 kV. Detectors were switched off and ACC raised to 12 kV where ACC current variations indicated ion feedback discharges. On 10-17, HV was raised to 15 kV and after several hours the ion feedback discharges stopped. After one day additional scrubbing at 15 kV, noise remained low through out additional calibration testing (>130 hrs).

PF Level 3 Requirements REQUIREMENT STATIC DESIGN PF55: STATIC shall measure energy fluxes from 107 to 1010 eV/cm2-sec-ster-eV with 20 second resolution Compliance. STATIC includes 2 attenuators that extend the dynamic range to 1012 eV/cm2-s-ster-eV PF56: STATIC shall measure energy fluxes from 104 to 108 eV/cm2-sec-ster-eV with 30 minute resolution Compliance. STATIC is designed to handle isotropic fluxes up to 108 eV/cm2-s-ster-eV with the attenuators off w/o significant dead time . At flux levels of 104 eV/cm2-sec-ster-eV, STATIC will register 15 counts in a single energy-angle channel with 30 minute integration. PF57: STATIC shall measure ions from at least 1-44 amu Compliance. STATIC mass range will extend to at least 70 amu. PF58: STATIC shall have mass resolution m/dm of at least 2 Compliance. STATIC prototype testing indicates m/dm of ~4 at O2+, and higher resolution at lower masses. PF59: STATIC shall measure ions from 1 to 10,000eV Compliance. STATIC analyzer energy constant and HV specification allow measurements up to 30 keV. STATIC sweep HV supply is designed to measure and correct for OPamp offsets and drifts to provide accurate low energy measurements to 1 eV. PF60: STATIC shall have energy resolution dE/E of at least 30% Compliance. STATIC’s energy analyzer has an intrinsic energy resolution dE/E of ~15%. PF61: STATIC shall have angular resolution of at least 30 degrees Compliance. STATIC’s angular resolution is 22.5 degrees in azimuth (anode resolution) and ~6 degrees elevation (varies w/ deflection). PF62: STATIC shall have a FOV at least 60 degrees by 180 degrees Compliance. STATIC’s FOV is 90 degrees by 360 degrees, minus losses do to s/c obstruction (<90) in the 360 deg FOV. PF63: STATIC shall have time resolution of 20 seconds or better for Flux range 1 Compliance. STATIC’s time resolution is 4 seconds. PF64: STATIC shall have time resolution of 30 minutes or better for Flux range 2 Compliance. STATIC’s time resolution is 4 seconds, but uses ~2 minute averaging times for tenuous pickup ions.

STATIC Calibration (PF 60,61) Sensor Energy-Angle resolution tested with 2000 eV ion beam, no Attenuator. Sensor Energy and Angle resolution as expected. Ion gun beam broadens angular response slightly. ~1o offset in beam center consistent with alignment error. H+ and H2O+ have identical response. Angle H+ Energy Resolution: ~13.5% (Sim ~13%) O+ Mass bin Angle Resolution: ~8o (Sim ~7o)

STATIC Calibration (PF 60,61) Sensor Energy-Angle resolution tested with 2000 eV ion beam, with Mech Attenuator. Sensor Energy and Angle resolution with Mech Attenuator as expected. Same ~1o offset in beam center. Energy and Angle response narrower as expected. H+ and H2O+ have identical response. Angle H+ Energy Resolution: ~9% O+ Mass bin Angle Resolution: ~4o

STATIC Calibration (PF 60,61) Sensor Energy-Angle resolution with 11.5 eV ion beam, with Electrostatic Attenuator. Sensor Energy and Angle resolution with E-static Attenuator as expected. Same ~1o offset in beam center. O+ Energy and Angle response as expected for 1 eV beam – (0.135)2 + (1/11.5)2 )1/2 = 16% H+ response is broad due to dissociation energy upon H2O ionization. Angle H+ Energy Resolution H2O+ : ~17% O+ Mass bin Angle Resolution: ~8o

STATIC Calibration (PF 62) 360o FOV, No Attenuators Sensor meets requirement (PF62) for 360o FOV in detection plane without attenuators Ion gun energy fixed 2000 eV Sensor sweeping energy 1500 to 2500 eV. Sensor rotated 360o about symmetry axis. Sensor deflectors are off. Minima between peaks are due to modulation by aperture posts, coupled with a narrow energy parallel beam. Rot Angle Counts H+ Energy O+ Energy Mass bin

STATIC Calibration (PF 62,55,56) 360o FOV with Mechanical Attenuator Sensor meets requirement (PF62) for 360o FOV in detection plane. Attenuator provides factor of 100 reduction in flux over +/-60o centered on the RAM direction. Ion gun energy fixed 2000 eV Sensor rotated 360o about symmetry axis. Sensor deflectors are off. RAM Direction Counts Rot Angle

STATIC Calibration (PF 55) Dynamic Flux Range – Electrostatic Attenuator (x 0.1) Sensor sweeping energy: 7 to 20 eV Gun 11.5 eV beam Vgrid swept from 0 to 25 V Cutoff at Vgrid~18V Sensor sweeping energy: 7 to 20 eV Gun 11.5 eV beam Vgrid swept from 25 V Sensor rotated across all anodes

STATIC Calibration (PF 62) Sensor exceeds requirement (PF62) for FOV extending 60o out of detection plane. Actual FOV extends 90o (+/-45o) out of plane. Ion gun energy fixed 2000 eV Sensor energy fixed 2000 eV Sensor rotated +/-45 deg out of plane. Sensor deflectors are stepped through 16 deflector angles: -45,-39,…,-3,3,9,…39,45 Minima between peaks are due to energy-angle response with a fixed energy beam and discrete deflection steps. Angle Counts Def bin Mass bin

STATIC Calibration (PF 59) Energy Range 4000 to 20 eV Sensor exceeds requirement (PF59) for energy range. Capable of ~30keV by design. HV tested to 30 keV. Beam tested to 4 keV. Ion gun stepped from 4 keV to 20 eV with fixed beam direction Sensor in pickup ion sweep mode sweep 30 keV to 0.5 eV. Low energy shift of O+/H+ are due to gun issues. Low energy measurements require special gun configuration seen in next slide. Gun Energy H+ Energy O+ Energy Mass bin

STATIC Calibration (PF 59) Sensor meets requirement (PF59) for low energy (1eV) range. Testing at low energy shows sensor resolves cold O+ and reveals response of ion gun. Ion gun stepped from 15 to 0 eV. Ions ~0.5 eV higher in energy due to ionization chamber bias. Sensor in low energy sweep mode 15 eV to 0.5 eV. Filament Gun ionizes residual gas in chamber, primarily water. Ionization chamber has 1 V bias gradient to eject ions. H+ is produced from H2O dissociation. Dissociation energy (~5eV) goes to H+ due to conservation of momentum. Water peak (H2O+, HO+, O+) is narrow. Low energy water tail due to scattering and ions produced outside the ionization chamber. Energy Range 15 to 0.5 eV Gun Energy H+ Energy O+ Energy Mass bin

STATIC Calibration (PF 57,58) STATIC Mass resolution (M/dM >2) and Mass range at least 1-44 AMU O+,H2O+ H+ 7 eV 20eV Counts At 11.5 eV N2+,O2+ H2+ Time of Flight (ns) Mass bin (0-63) H+ 1.5 keV 2.5 keV Counts At 2 keV O+,H2O+ N2+,O2+ CO2+ H2+ Mass bin (0-63) Time of Flight (ns)

STATIC Calibration Pickup Mode, 50 eV beam – 42 hr test, nominal operations Before After

STATIC IPSR Part 2 New Chamber Full calibration of flight unit was completed prior to environmental testing. All Level 3 Requirements verified Post Environmental Functional test in process Clean Room FM on Manipulator Ion Box

Instrument Coordinate System STATIC Vibration Test was run to completion. No failures. UUT passed post-vibration functional test. UUT Analyzer maintained optical alignment, verified during pre-shipment calibration in calibration chamber on 11/18/12 First natural frequency was >503Hz. Sine surveys passed Excitation spectrum met Overall RMS levels were met Force limiting was performed adequately I J K Instrument Coordinate System Reference: MAVEN-PF-TR-041 STATIC Vibration Rev A

STATIC Magnetics 1. Overview The STATIC unit magnetic moment was measured on 11/13/2012 using the DC magnetics screening procedure (MAVEN_PF_TP_040, Rev A). The unit was first rotated twice around the k-axis (run 1) and then twice around the i-axis (run 2). The unit was then subjected to a perming field of 16 Gauss as per the procedure above for 30 seconds in each axis. The magnetic moment was measured after the perm to verify the unit was not susceptible to magnetization during the spacecraft I&T program. The unit was first rotated twice around the k-axis (run 3) and then twice around the i-axis (run 4). Refer to the as run procedure for further set up and run information. Reference: MAVEN_PF_TR_043_STATIC_Magnetics

STATIC Magnetics Reference: MAVEN_PF_TR_043_STATIC_Magnetics

STATIC Magnetics 3. Conclusion The requirement for the unit is to have a magnetic dipole less than 25 mAm2. This corresponds to a maximum field at a distance of 30cm from the unit of 185nT. The magnetometer was placed 30cm from the unit. As the field variations due to the instrument in the plots show a difference approximately 5 times less than this requirement the unit passes the test. Two items to note from the data: 1. Note that there was a background field change in run 1 that caused a large spike in the data towards the end of the second rotation in the k-axis. 2. The unit did perm slightly from a signal of approximately 15nT at 30cm to 30nT at 30cm although the geometry of the sensor (long oblong box) meant that some of the signal may come from decreasing the distance to the sensor while turning the unit. As the unit was rotated by hand approximately 30cm from the magnetometer there is a possibility the additional signal was from having the unit closer than the first run. Either way, position or perming the unit passes the requirement. Reference: MAVEN_PF_TR_043_STATIC_Magnetics

STATIC TVAC Ion Box Aperture Radiator Panel Harness

STATIC TVAC Configuration Reference: MAVEN_PF_TP_050_STATIC_TVAC

STATIC TVAC Cycles Plan STATIC background noise level was low after HV turn on so all HV was left on during cycle 5 cold-2-hot transition. HV was on a total of 37 hrs during Tvac.

STATIC TVAC Cycles Actual HV ON ~50% of time for 4 cycles, 37 hrs Reference: MAVEN_PF_TR_050_STATIC_TVAC

STATIC TV Operations with Ion Gun Plot of STATIC during a transition from Cold Cycle 5 to Hot Cycle 6. STATIC was in pickup mode, sweeping energy from 1 eV to 30 keV. The ion gun was operated continuously at 200 eV during this transition to demonstrate no drift in instrument energy with temp. As chamber temperature rose, flux increased with temperature. At 20:52, filament current was reduced to prevent electronics saturation. Temp H+ Energy O+ Energy Mass bin Anode bin

STATIC Background at end of TV 50 min plot of STATIC data after continuous operation during the last thermal cycle. Plots (top to bottom) are 15kV supply current, MCP current, Sweep HV current (variations expected for sweeping energy), event rate in 4 sec, event rates in 4 ms accumulations. Lower 3 panels show events not rejected by coincidence (<<1/s) Background event rates (~100 Hz) – about that expected for cosmic ray events and radioactive decay in an MCP with active area ~50 cm2. Current 15kV Current MPC Current Sweep Events In 4 sec Events In 4 ms Mass bin Energy bin Mass bin

STATIC TVAC Results All cycles and all functional tests successful, including cold-start, hot-start, and cold and hot CPTs and LPTs Test duration ~168 hrs Power on time >100 hrs HV on time ~37 hours Secondary voltages vary within acceptable range over temperature Largest changes in power with temperature were the MCP and 15kV ACC currents MCP current varied from 11.5 to 19 mA cold-hot ACC current varied from 9.5 to14.5 mA cold-hot

STATIC Resources Power No HV HV on, non-sweeping HV on, sweeping Mass 3.349 kg as measured mass NTE is 3.31 kg ~50 g addition of board braces as a result of PFR-115 SWIA Frequency Shift Power No HV Cold: 89 mA Hot: 94 mA HV on, non-sweeping Cold: 118 mA Hot: 137 mA HV on, sweeping Cold Peak: ~150 mA Hot peak: ~165 mA

STATIC Outstanding Items Need to confirm no carbon foil damage or change in instrument response during environmental testing. Duplicate calibration tests to be performed November 19-21. STATIC is currently in the calibration chamber under high vacuum since Nov 17. Testing to begin after this review. All PFRs either closed or waiting signatures. Documentation nearly complete – final calibration report waiting on completion of post environmental functional test.