Chapter 2 The People Business

Learning Outcomes Explain the principles and theories of human development. Describe Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs and give an example of how human services workers use this information when working with people. Assess resources people use to meet their needs. continued

Learning Outcomes Describe how economic and employment changes can affect how people meet their needs. wavebreakmedia/Shutterstock.com

The People Business Human services is referred to as “the people business” because human services workers share a common goal of helping people help people of all ages and from all walks of life To effectively help people, human services workers need to understand human development people’s basic needs throughout the lifespan

Warm-Up What are the basic human needs? Why do human services workers need to understand basic human needs throughout the lifespan to effectively help people? iQoncept/Shutterstock.com

Human Development Human development is the gradual process in which people change from birth through adulthood Physical development Cognitive development (part of cognitive development involves moral development) Social-emotional development

Development Principles Four basic guidelines can be established when considering principles of human development Human development is relatively orderly Human development takes place gradually Human development is interrelated Human development varies among individuals

Did You Know? Both heredity and environment influence development, which causes individual variations in developmental characteristics Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock.com

Human Development Theories Developmental theories are comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time Researchers and scientists observe people perform experiments draw conclusions Sasilssolutions/Shutterstock.com

Psychoanalytic Theory Analyze the symbolic meaning behind behaviors Often believe that early life experiences are important in development Two psychoanalytic theorists were Sigmund Freud Erik Erikson Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.com

Freud’s Theory Focused on early life experiences Believed that what happens early in life affects a person for years to come Olimpik/Shutterstock.com

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory Believed that both early and later life experiences affect development Believed that development is a social process Theorized that all humans develop in eight psychosocial development stages In each stage, people must successfully resolve a psychological and/or social conflict Unsuccessful resolution of a conflict will affect future stages of development

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Trust versus mistrust Autonomy versus shame and doubt Initiative versus guilt Industry versus inferiority Identity versus identity confusion Intimacy versus isolation Generativity versus stagnation Integrity versus despair

Cognitive Theory Ideas about how people process information, think, and learn Seek to explain the differences in how people think throughout the stages of life Look for explanations of how cognition changes throughout the lifespan Cognitive theorists include Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Lawrence Kohlberg

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete operational Formal operational Ami Parikh/Shutterstock.com

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory Social and cultural environment shapes human cognitive development Cognitive development occurs because humans interact with other people, not just objects Children develop their minds through interactions with parents, teachers, and other informed people

Think Further Imagine you really need a medication, but do not have enough money to pay the pharmacy. Would you steal the medicine from the pharmacy? What if it is a matter of life and death? Maria Maarbes/Shutterstock.com

Kohlberg’s Theory Kohlberg believed that there are three levels of moral decisions Level 1—children make decisions based on whether or not they will be punished or rewarded Level 2—older children and youth make moral decisions that are motivated by laws and how they might be perceived Level 3—teens and many adults make moral decisions based on principles such as justice

Behaviorism Belief that people’s behavior is determined by forces in the environment beyond their control Ivan Pavlov—demonstrated the idea through his infamous experiment with a dog Termed classical conditioning B.F. Skinner—identified the basic principle of operant conditioning John Erickson/Shutterstock.com

Social Cognitive Theory Albert Bandura believed that people are much more complex than Pavlov’s dog People watch and imitate other people’s behaviors Reactions to rewards and punishments are filtered by perceptions, thoughts, and motivations Dragon Images/Shutterstock.com

Think Further Which theories do you think are most valid? How do human services workers apply these developmental theories to help clients? Asichka/Shutterstock.com

Human Needs Abraham Maslow theorized that all people have the same basic needs to survive Maslow’s theory identifies people’s needs in a hierarchy, called the Hierarchy of Human Needs People’s most basic needs (physical needs) are the first priority Once physical needs are met, people can work toward meeting higher-level needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs 5 4 3 2 1 Self-actualization All needs have been fulfilled to some degree Esteem Need to be liked and respected Love and acceptance Need for support, assurance, praise, acceptance Safety and security Need to feel safe in surroundings Physical needs Air, water, food, clothing, shelter, medical care

Did You Know? The need for self-actualization is a lifelong process According to Maslow, people cannot begin to reach this need until at least partially fulfilling other needs Arip teguh santoso/Shutterstock.com

How People Meet Their Needs People use and manage resources Money Time Energy Knowledge Other people Skills

Standard of Living A person or family’s standard of living is a measure of the wealth, comforts, and material goods available to them Many people aspire to meet a higher standard of living If this standard is out of reach, stress, frustration, and unhappiness can result

Economic Changes Economic changes generally fall into three categories Recession Recovery Expansion

Employment Changes Paid work Job loss Provides financial security Improves skills Offers chances to advance in careers Gives opportunities to earn higher pay Contributes to family’s sense of identity Job loss Affects financial stability Causes difficulty trying to meet needs Affects self-esteem or self-worth Affects a person’s sense of place in the community

Review Why is the human services profession referred to as the “people business”? human services workers share a common goal of helping people and they help people of all ages and from all walks of life List the three major areas of human development, and identify which area involves moral development. physical, cognitive, and social-emotional development; cognitive development continued

Review What are four guidelines when considering principles of human development? relatively orderly, takes place gradually, is interrelated, and varies among individuals What are developmental theories? comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time continued

Review List the five needs identified in Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs in order of importance. physical needs, safety and security, love and acceptance, esteem, and self-actualization What are the three categories of economic changes? recession, recovery, and expansion