Volume 16, Issue 8, Pages 610-619 (August 2017) Anterior pallidal deep brain stimulation for Tourette's syndrome: a randomised, double- blind, controlled trial  Marie-Laure Welter, MD, Prof Jean-Luc Houeto, MD, Prof Stéphane Thobois, MD, Prof Benoit Bataille, MD, Prof Marc Guenot, MD, Yulia Worbe, MD, Andreas Hartmann, MD, Virginie Czernecki, PhD, Eric Bardinet, PhD, Jerome Yelnik, MD, Sophie Tezenas du Montcel, MD, Prof Yves Agid, MD, Prof Marie Vidailhet, MD, Prof Philippe Cornu, MD, Audrey Tanguy, Solène Ansquer, MD, Nematollah Jaafari, MD, Emmanuel Poulet, MD, Giulia Serra, MD, Prof Pierre Burbaud, MD, Prof Emmanuel Cuny, MD, Prof Bruno Aouizerate, MD, Prof Pierre Pollak, MD, Prof Stephan Chabardes, MD, Mircea Polosan, MD, Prof Michel Borg, MD, Prof Denys Fontaine, MD, Bruno Giordana, MD, Prof Sylvie Raoul, MD, Tiphaine Rouaud, MD, Anne Sauvaget, MD, Prof Isabelle Jalenques, MD, Carine Karachi, MD, Prof Luc Mallet, MD M.L. Welter, E. Cuny, P. Derkinderen, D. Fontaine, J.L. Houeto, I. Jalenques, L. Mallet, P. Pollak, S. Thobois, M.L. Welter, A. Bissery, H. Oya, E. Bardinet, J. Yelnik, M.L. Welter, A. Buot, J.L. Houeto, V. Czernecki, I. Jalenques, S. Tezenas du Montcel, A. Tanguy, M. Hajji, J.L. Houeto, L. Mallet, A. Tanguy, S. Tezenas du Montcel, M.L. Welter, C. Karachi, L. Mallet, M.L. Welter, A. Hartmann, V. Czernecki, J. Yelnik, E. Bardinet, Y. Agid, Y. Worbe, D. Dormont, A. Buot, M. Vidailhet, P. Cornu, B. Aouizerate, P. Burbaud, E. Cuny, I. Jalenques, F. Durif, C. Fauchon, F. Rondepierre, P. Derost, M. Aya Kombo, M. Polosan, S. Chabardès, A. Krainik, P. Krack, B. Piallat, P. Pollak, S. Thobois, M. Guenot, E. Poulet, H. Klinger, G. Serra, E. Broussolle, T. Rouaud, A. Sauvaget, P. Derkinderen, P. Damier, S Raoul, D. Fontaine, M. Borg, B. Giordana, M.-N. Magnie-Mauro, J.L. Houeto, N. Jaafari, B. Bataille, S. Ansquer, I. Benatru, A. Fradet, E. Dugast, A. Ouerdani, E. Rabois, M. Quintin, S. Palfi Marie-Laure Welter, MD, Prof Jean-Luc Houeto, MD, Prof Stéphane Thobois, MD, Prof Benoit Bataille, MD, Prof Marc Guenot, MD, Yulia Worbe, MD, Andreas Hartmann, MD, Virginie Czernecki, PhD, Eric Bardinet, PhD, Jerome Yelnik, MD, Sophie Tezenas du Montcel, MD, Prof Yves Agid, MD, Prof Marie Vidailhet, MD, Prof Philippe Cornu, MD, Audrey Tanguy, Solène Ansquer, MD, Nematollah Jaafari, MD, Emmanuel Poulet, MD, Giulia Serra, MD, Prof Pierre Burbaud, MD, Prof Emmanuel Cuny, MD, Prof Bruno Aouizerate, MD, Prof Pierre Pollak, MD, Prof Stephan Chabardes, MD, Mircea Polosan, MD, Prof Michel Borg, MD, Prof Denys Fontaine, MD, Bruno Giordana, MD, Prof Sylvie Raoul, MD, Tiphaine Rouaud, MD, Anne Sauvaget, MD, Prof Isabelle Jalenques, MD, Carine Karachi, MD, Prof Luc Mallet, MD M.L. Welter, E. Cuny, P. Derkinderen, D. Fontaine, J.L. Houeto, I. Jalenques, L. Mallet, P. Pollak, S. Thobois, M.L. Welter, A. Bissery, H. Oya, E. Bardinet, J. Yelnik, M.L. Welter, A. Buot, J.L. Houeto, V. Czernecki, I. Jalenques, S. Tezenas du Montcel, A. Tanguy, M. Hajji, J.L. Houeto, L. Mallet, A. Tanguy, S. Tezenas du Montcel, M.L. Welter, C. Karachi, L. Mallet, M.L. Welter, A. Hartmann, V. Czernecki, J. Yelnik, E. Bardinet, Y. Agid, Y. Worbe, D. Dormont, A. Buot, M. Vidailhet, P. Cornu, B. Aouizerate, P. Burbaud, E. Cuny, I. Jalenques, F. Durif, C. Fauchon, F. Rondepierre, P. Derost, M. Aya Kombo, M. Polosan, S. Chabardès, A. Krainik, P. Krack, B. Piallat, P. Pollak, S. Thobois, M. Guenot, E. Poulet, H. Klinger, G. Serra, E. Broussolle, T. Rouaud, A. Sauvaget, P. Derkinderen, P. Damier, S Raoul, D. Fontaine, M. Borg, B. Giordana, M.-N. Magnie-Mauro, J.L. Houeto, N. Jaafari, B. Bataille, S. Ansquer, I. Benatru, A. Fradet, E. Dugast, A. Ouerdani, E. Rabois, M. Quintin, S. Palfi  The Lancet Neurology  Volume 16, Issue 8, Pages 610-619 (August 2017) DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30160-6 Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Study timeline M=month. The Lancet Neurology 2017 16, 610-619DOI: (10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30160-6) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Electrode locations Positions of all electrodes, presented along the long axis of each electrode within the anterior internal globus pallidus (green). A three-dimensional superior view after fusion with the three-dimensional MRI image is presented, the axial position of which is shown. The electrodes all penetrate the anterior associative-limbic territory of the anterior internal globus pallidus. The active contacts are shown in blue and the non-active contacts are shown in grey. The Lancet Neurology 2017 16, 610-619DOI: (10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30160-6) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Trial profile aGPi DBS=anterior internal globus pallidus deep brain stimulation. The Lancet Neurology 2017 16, 610-619DOI: (10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30160-6) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Changes in YGTSS score during the study period (A) Median overall YGTSS scores for the active and sham stimulation groups. Error bars are IQRs. Individual YGTSS scores for the (B) active and (C) sham stimulation groups. YGTSS=Yale Global Tic Severity Scale. The Lancet Neurology 2017 16, 610-619DOI: (10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30160-6) Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd Terms and Conditions