William III of Orange (r. England 1689-1702) 1516 Charles of Habsburg becomes King of Spain and Netherlands 1519-56 Reign of Charles as Holy Roman Emperor (Charles V) Map Link: The Netherlands, 1559-1609: <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/ Northern_Netherlands_map_002.jpg>.

1556-98 Reign of Philip II of Spain 1560s Philip starts promoting Catholicism in Netherlands William the Silent of Nassau/Orange (1533-84) Summer 1566 Dutch rebel against Philip

Aug 1567 Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, the “Iron Duke” of Alba, arrives in Brussels, establishes “Council of Blood” “Sea Beggars” 1573 Alba recalled

1578 Philip calls on Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, to quell rebellion 1579 Farnese persuades Spanish/ Southern Netherlands to sign Union of Arras William of Orange unites Dutch United Provinces with Union of Utrecht

1584 Death of William of Orange. Succeeded by Maurice of Nassau (1567-1625) 1585 English troops aid Dutch revolt 1609 Truce between Spanish and Dutch 1648 Dutch Republic gains independence at Westphalia

Trade and exploration: Carrying trade, exploring to east and west Cape Horn (Hoorn) 1602 Establishment of Dutch East India Company 1641 Japanese expel foreign merchants, but Dutch allowed presence near Nagasaki

Trade and exploration: 1612 Foundation of New Amsterdam 1621 Establishment of Dutch West India Company 1652 Dutch capture Cape of Good Hope Afrikaners Bank of Amsterdam, est. 1609 florins

Frans Hals (1582/83-1666) Jan Vermeer (1632-75) Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-69)

Hugo Grotius (1583-1645): Law of War and Peace Baruch Spinoza (1632-77): philosophy Christian Huyghens (1629-95): telescope (improvement), pendulum clocks, rings of Saturn, wave theory of light Anna Maria van Schurman (1607-78): The Learned Maid, or Whether a Maid may be Called a Scholar

An age of religious tolerance? Early 17th c. Dutch Calvinists split into Dutch Reformed Church and Arminians/ Remonstrants 1632 Toleration of Arminians Catholics, Jews, Mennonites Limits of tolerance

Government: States General, with representatives from each of the seven provinces Each province headed by elected stadholder Republic headed by stadholder from House of Orange Commercial class vs. House of Orange 1650 Death of William II of Orange (1626-50). No new stadholder elected

1650 Birth of William III of Orange (d. 1702) 1651 English pass Navigation Act 1652-74 Wars between Dutch and English. New Amsterdam taken by English in 1664, renamed New York 1677 William marries Mary Stuart

1667 Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715) invades Spanish Netherlands, deterred by Dutch-English- Swedish alliance 1672 Louis XIV attacks Dutch Republic. William of Orange acclaimed as stadholder (House of Orange made hereditary stadholders in 1673)

William allies with Danes, Brandenburg, Habsburgs 1678-79 Treaties of Nimwegen 1689 William becomes King of England Further Dutch wars with French in early 18th c.

The Decline of the Dutch Republic: Dwindling finances, esp. because of competition in trade Lack of investment in technology, agriculture, land reclamation Loss of originality in art and writing Corruption in politics Decline of tolerance in religion and society

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Leviathan (1651)

Characteristics of Absolute Rule: Monarchs and Nobles (and Governments) Expanding State Structures Absolutism and Warfare Absolutism and Religion Architecture and Art (and Propaganda and Ceremony) France under Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

Monarchs and Nobles (and Governments) Bourbon family Anne of Austria (1601-66) Cardinal Jules Mazarin (1602-61) 1648-53 La Fronde rebellion 1651 Louis takes power

Monarchs and Nobles (and Governments) Subduing nobility, but placating old nobility (“nobles of the sword”) 1668 Investigation of dubious nobles

Monarchs and Nobles (and Governments) Dealing with governing bodies: Estates General (largely defunct) Provincial Estates Parlements (supreme courts)

Expanding State Structures Careful choice of loyal officials Improving finances of state, with Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-83) Selling offices, raising taxes, re-assessing provincial resources Eventually taxing nobility

Expanding State Structures Mercantilism: the Commercial Code Improving communications Standardising goods and promoting manufacturing Supporting colonisation, ships, French East India Company Controlling exports

Absolutism and Warfare Importance of armies Re-organisation Controlling officers Expanding numbers - ministry of war

Absolutism and Religion State alliances with churches Divine right Catholic Church as landholder Controlling church, e.g. Louis XIV and Gallican (French) Catholic Church

Absolutism and Religion Louis XIV persecuting Huguenots 1685 Revokes Edict of Nantes Making life difficult Opposing Jansenism 1653 Pope condemns Jansenism 1709 Louis begins to suppress Jansenists

Palace of Versailles (bt. 1669-86) The “Sun King” Architecture and Art (and Propaganda and Ceremony) Palace of Versailles (bt. 1669-86) The “Sun King” “L’état, c’est moi.” (I am the state) Censorship

Ceremonial daily routine Architecture and Art (and Propaganda and Ceremony) Hyacinthe Rigaud (1659-1743) Ceremonial daily routine