Chemistry in Everyday Life Revision Chemistry in Everyday Life

Drugs – Drugs are defined as a chemical substance of low molecular masses which interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response.   Medicines- When the biological response of drug is therapeutic and useful than such drugs are called medicines

Antacids- The chemical substances which neutralizes excess of acid in stomach and give relief from indigestion irritation and pain are called antacids. For ex. Baking soda(sodium bicarbonate) Mixture of aluminium and magnesium hydroxide, Cimitidene(tegamet

Antihistamines- The chemical substances which are used to abolish the action of histamine released in the body and prevent allergy called antihistamines.These are also called antiallergic drugs. Ex. Brompheniramine(dimitapp), terfendine(seldane)  

Tranquilizers- The chemical substances used for the treatment stress, and mild or severe mental diseases are called tranquilizers. these drugs relieve anxiety, stress and irritability. Ex. Cholrdiazepoxide and meprobamate used to relieve tension Equanil is used in depression Derivatives of barbituric acid like veronal,amytal,lumial valium and serotonin are also used as tranquilizers.,but these hypnoitic (sleep producing)  

Analgesics- The chemical substances which are used to relieve pain without causing impairment of consciousness, mental confusion, incordination or paralysis or some other disturbances of nervous system. These are of two types : Non narcotic analgesics – The common non non-addictive analgesics are asipirin and paracetamol.these drugs also have antipyretic action(reduces fever). Narcotic analgesics – Some analgesics are habit forming produce sleep and consciousness are called narcotic analgesics.however in excessive doses these produce stupor, coma and ultimately death Ex. Morpine,codien,heroin

Antimicrobials – These are the chemical substances used to cure infection due to micro-organism(abceria virus fungi and other pathogens).Antibiotic, antiseptics and and disinfectants are antimicrobial drugs.

Antibiotics – An antibiotic is substance which is produced wholly or partially by chemical synthesis ,which in low concentration inhibits the growth or destroy micro-organism by intervening in their metabolic processes. Antibiotics are of two types :

Bactericidal – Antibiotics those kill bacteriaor microbes Ex Bactericidal – Antibiotics those kill bacteriaor microbes Ex. Penicillin, ofoxacin, aminoglycocides. Bacteriostatic – Antibiotics those inhibit the growth of microbes. Ex. Erythromycin,tetracycline, Chloramphenicol

Broad spectrum antibiotics – Antibiotic which kill or prevent the growth of wide range of gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Ex. Ampicillin,Amoxycillin,Chloramphenicoland ofoxacin Narrow spectrum antibiotics - Antibiotic which kill or prevent the growth of either gram positive or gram negative bacteria. Ex.Pencillin Limited spectrum – Asntibiotic which is effective against a single organism or disease

Antiseptics – These are chemical substances used to kill or to prevent the growth of micro-organism on the living tissues like wounds cuts ulcers and diseased skin surfaces. Ex. Dettol(Chloroxylenol and terpineol) Iodofom,Bithional(in antiseptic soaps) Disinfactants - These are chemical substances used to kill micro-organism on inanimate objects like floors drainage systems, instruments etc 1% solution of phenol,chlorine and sulphur dioxide

Antifertility Drugs – These are the chemical substances used to control preganancy and birth.These are also called oral contraceptives these drugs are essentially mixture of estrogen and progesterone derivatives Norethindrone is a synthetic progesterone widely used as antifertility drug.Ethynylestradiol(Novestrol) is the derivative of estrogen and progesterone.

Food Preservatives – These are the chemicals which are added to the food materials to prevent the spoilage of food and to retain their nutritive values for long time. Ex. Table salt, sugar vegetable oil, sodium benzoate, salts of sorbic acid and propanoic acid.

Artificial sweetening agent - These are the chemical substances those are sweet in taste but donot increase the calorific value of food. Ex.Aspartame, alitame, sucralose Saccharin

Saccharin (orthosulphobenzamide) is about 550 times sweet than sugar,It is inert and harmless so has great value to diabetic person. Asprtame is 100 times sweet,it is methyl ester of dipeptide formed from aspartic acid and phenyl alanine,it is unstable at cooking temperature so used in cold food and soft drinks. Alitame is 2000 times sweet so it is difficult to control the sweetness of food. Sucralose – it is trichloro derivative of sucrose it is stable at cooking temperature and does not provide calories so it is an important sweetner.