INFECTIOUS DISEASE Biomedical Technology Objective: Investigate the treatment of infectious diseases

Treatment of Infectious Disease Objective 06.03 Treatment of Bacterial Diseases- use Antibiotics Drugs to treat bacterial diseases are grouped into categories based on their modes of action. In general these drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis or other enzyme catalyzed reactions. Penicillins/cephalosporins interfere with certain layers of the cell wall. Chloramphenicol, tetracycline's and erythromycins may be toxic when used in high doses or for a prolonged time Rifampin- is used to treat TB (Tuberculosis)

Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Affects the respiratory system causing some victims to have a characteristic whooping cough sound. Is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Pertussis is being considered a re-emerging disease because parents are not having their children vaccinated due to fears that something in the vaccine causes autism.

Antibiotics are used to treat Bacterial Infections

Treatment of Infectious Disease

Treatment of Viral Diseases- Antivirals Drugs that effectively inhibit viral infections are highly toxic to host cells, because viruses use the host’s metabolic enzymes in reproduction. Antiviral drugs target virus specific enzymes Acyclovir is used to treat genital herpes. Amantadine used to be used to prevent or moderate influenza. Flu shot prevention is strongly suggested. TAMIFLU is the medication for treatment today. (It prevents or shortens episodes of the flu.) AZT- is used to inhibit the replication of the HIV genome.

Treatment of Fungal Diseases The development of drugs to treat fungal, protozoan, and helminthic diseases are challenging, because agents used to kill or inhibit their growth are highly toxic to mammals. Azole derivatives inhibit sterol synthesis Good for local fungal infections found in athletes feet or yeast infections Amphotericin B- disrupts cell membranes (used for systemic fungal infections; ie-histoplasmosis)

Treatment for parasitic diseases Like the fungal disease, developing treatment for the parasitic diseases are challenging because these agents not only kill the microorganism but they are toxic to the mammals. Helminth: Antihelminthic drugs (kill the parasitic round worm and flat worm) Protozoa: Chloroquine - Antiprotozoan drugs (for Malaria, Giardasis)

Treatment of Infectious Disease Objective 06.03 Problems in fighting infectious disease Antimicrobial resistance resistance noted as early as 1943. Penicillin Resistance has been an ongoing problem for 60 plus years. Mycobacterium tuberculosis- some strains resistant to all drugs.

Resistance to antibiotics- is a result of changes in the genetic information Initially as mutations to existing genes Many bacteria acquire these genes Resistant genes are transferred to other members of the same species Indiscriminate use of antibiotics most likely leads to antimicrobial resistance.

Controlling the Spread of Infection Handwashing Vaccination Medication Antisepsis/Disinfection/Sterilization

Handwashing Where does HANDWASHING break the chain of infection?

Vaccination Where does VACCINATION break the chain of infection? How has the recent debate/concerns about vaccines led to the re-emergence of various diseases?

Medication What MEDICATION is used to treat FUNGAL infections? What MEDICATION is used to treat BACTERIAL infections? What MEDICATION is used to treat VIRAL infections? Why do you think it is important to finish prescription medications that are treating infectious diseases?

Antisepsis Safe for use on skin Not effective against viruses and spores

Disinfection destroys pathogenic organisms that are already present not effective against spores or viruses chemicals are used not used on skin

Sterilization kills all microorganisms, including spores and viruses methods steam under pressure gas radiation chemicals not used on skin

REVIEW: Fill in the blank Drug resistance has been an ongoing problem for how many years? _______ Erythromycins may be ______ when used in high doses or for a prolonged time. ____________ is used to prevent or shorten the episodes of influenza. Acyclovir treats __________ _________. TB can be treated with _____________. Why is pertussis re-emerging? _______

REVIEW ANSWERS Drug resistance has been an ongoing problem for how many years? 60 Erythromycins may be toxic when used in high doses or for a prolonged time. Amantadine is used to prevent or shorten the episodes of influenza. Acyclovir treats genital herpes. TB can be treated with Rifampin. Why is pertussis re-emerging? Fear and refusal to vaccinate children.