Use of Satellite Data for Georgia’s Air Quality Planning Activities Tao Zeng and James Boylan Georgia EPD – Air Protection Branch TEMPO Applications Workshop Huntsville, AL – July 13, 2016

Use of Satellite Data Exceptional Events Air Quality Modeling Emission Inventories Fire emissions NOx emissions Air Quality Forecasting 2

Exceptional Events 3

Exceptional Events Exceptional event requests are submitted by the States to EPA for approval Wildfires Dust storms Volcanic eruptions If a measurement is flagged as an exceptional event, the measurement is not included in the design value used to determine attainment with the NAAQS Typically submitted for ozone and PM2.5 4

24-Hour PM2.5 on July 2, 2014 Site Concentration (µg/m3) Macon - Allied 39.6 Kennesaw 22.0 South DeKalb 22.7 Albany – Turner 5

NOAA Metosat Images of SAL July 1, 2014 July 2, 2014 6

VIIRS (Suomi) - June 24, 2014 7

MODIS (Aqua) AOD – July 1, 2014 8

GOES AOD – July 2, 2014 9

CALIPSO Lidar – July 2, 2014 10

Air Quality Modeling 11

Air Quality Modeling System Meteorology (WRF) Air Quality (CMAQ/CAMx) Emissions (SMOKE) Emissions Inventory (NEI) Hourly concentrations of criteria air pollutants and precursor pollutants MOVES Rates 12

Clouds and Precipitation Need to add hourly cloud and precipitation data assimilation into WRF to produce more accurate meteorological inputs for CMAQ Impacts of cloud type and location Solar radiation and photochemistry SO2 heterogeneous reactions SO2 + H2O2 (aq)  H2SO4 Impacts of precipitation Ambient concentrations Wet deposition fluxes 13

Fire Emissions 14

2011 Emissions in Georgia 15

Prescribed Fire Burn Area 2011 GA EPD SMARTFIRE v1 2014 16

Wildfire Burn Area 2011 GA EPD SMARTFIRE v1 2014 17

Monthly Prescribed Burning Areas SMARTFIRE overestimates prescribed fire activities during October and November and underestimated fire activity during March. Similar patter for 2014 (not shown). 18

Fire Distributions in 2011 Satellite measurements miss many of the smaller prescribed fires that are less than 100 acres Under the tree canopy and less upward thermal radiation Need higher temporal and spatial resolution satellite measurements to improve fire detection. 19

NOx Emissions 20

Ozone Attainment Planning Atlanta is currently nonattainment for the 2008 ozone NAAQS (75 ppb) and will be designated nonattainment for the 2015 ozone NAAQS (70 ppb) Need to develop attainment strategies that focus on NOx reductions 87% of all NOx emissions in Atlanta are from mobile sources Modeling mobile source NOx emissions Uncertainties in MOVES and NONROAD models Are NOx emissions in these models too high? Large day-to-day variability in activity that is not captured by these models (e.g., traffic conditions) 21

Model NO2 – Satellite NO2 Slide taken from “The AQAST Legacy: Linking Satellites with Air Quality” by Tracey Holloway (University of Wisconsin-Madison) presented at the 2016 Midwest and Central States Air Quality Workshop on June 21, 2016. 22

Air Quality Forecasting 23

Air Quality Forecasting HMS fire/smoke (8/26/2015) NOAA GOES image (7/8/2016) HMS fire/smoke (6/13/2016) 24

Training 25

NASA Remote Sensing Training 26

Summary Satellite data can help state air regulatory agencies to: Identify exceptional events Improve simulation of clouds and precipitation in meteorological models to improve the air quality model simulations Improve fire and NOx emission inventories Improve air quality forecasts High resolution geostationary satellites can provide additional useful information Additional remote sensing training would be very beneficial 27

Contact Information Tao Zeng, Ph.D. Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources 4244 International Parkway, Suite 120 Atlanta, GA 30354 Tao.Zeng@dnr.ga.gov 404-363-7092 28