Pulp & Paper Industry (Group work # 1-4)

1. Matching process to its meaning Debarking (a) smoothing the paper surface Chipping (b) Making pulp solution + draining water + drying paper + coating paper surface Pulp making (Kraft process) (c ) making white pulp Bleaching (d) Removing lignin from woods by adding NaOH, Na2S Paper making (e) Cutting woods into pieces Calendering (f) Removing wood skins

2. Putting into order of these following pulp & paper making process 1 2. Putting into order of these following pulp & paper making process 1. Chipping 2. Calendering 3. Pulp making (Kraft process) 4. Bleaching 5. Debarking 6. Paper making

3. Identify wastes produced Process Waste produced Debarking Chipping Pulp making (Kraft process) Bleaching Paper making

3. Identify wastes produced Process Waste produced Debarking Wood skins Wastewater (if using “wet” debarking) Chipping Small pieces of wood Pulp making (Kraft process) Black liquor (removed lignin) Bleaching Chlorine contained wastewater Paper making White water Steam (water vapor) from drying paper Rejected paper

4. Applying any waste reduction Techniques (P2) A) Managing inventory B) Modifying production process B1 improving operation and maintenance B2 changing to less hazardous materials B3 modifying or changing equipment C) Reducing waste volume C1 separating waste at the source C2 concentration waste D) Recovering of waste D1 Reuse D2 Recycle D3 Recovery

4. Application of P2 Process Waste produced P2 application Debarking Chipping Pulp making (Kraft process) Bleaching Paper making

4. Application of P2 Process Waste produced P2 application Debarking Wood skins Wastewater (if using “wet” debarking) Co-production from bark (wood skins): mulch, ground cover, charcoal. [D2 recycle] Applying dry debarking [B3 Modifying/changing equipment] Burning bark from debarking for energy production [D3 recover] Chipping Small pieces of wood Burning small chips from chipping for energy production [D3 recover]

4. Application of P2 Process Waste produced P2 application Pulp making (Kraft) Black liquor (removed lignin) 'black liquor' is concentrated by evaporation and burned to provide energy for paper mill processes [C2 Concentration waste & then D3 waste recover] Bio-pulping (microorganisms/ microbial enzymes)[B1 Improving operation] Extended delignification to remove more lignin before bleaching step by extended cooking or adding chemical catalysts [B1 Improving operation]

4. Application of P2 Process Waste produced P2 application Bleaching Chlorine contained wastewater Total free chlorine (oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [B2 Changing to less hazardous materials] Bio-bleaching (white rod fungi) [B1 improving operation] Paper making White water Steam (water vapor) from drying paper Rejected paper Recycle white water back to the bleach plant for use as shower water and pulp dilution water. [D2 Recycle] Recycling water evaporated from drying process by condensing (D2 recycle) Re-pulping rejected paper [D2 Recycle]