Try This… 1. What is the dominant stage of the fern life cycle? The moss? Fern-Sporophyte Moss - Gametophyte 2. Why do ferns need to live in a moist environment? Sperm need to swim to egg 3. How do ferns accomplish gas exchange without losing too much water? By opening and closing the stoma on the underside of the leaf

Try This… 4. How do Ferns move water around the plant? Nutrients? Vascular Tissue-Xylem (W-XY (LEM) 5. Where does photosynthesis occur? How do the products of photosynthesis move around the plant? In the leaves Moves via the vascular tissue Phloem (phloem = phood) 6. Which Fern generation is haploid? Diploid? Haploid – Gametophyte (which produces the gametes;egg & sperm) Diploid – Sporophyte (which produces the spores)

Introduction to Seed Plants

Seed plants belong to the phylum Tracheophyta (subphylum Spermopsidea)

Adaptations The adaptations that seed plants exhibit that allow them to survive on land are: Vascular Tissues Organs – Roots, Stems, Leaves Seeds

Plant Organs The three main organs of the plant are: Roots Stems Leaves Plant Organ Function(s) Roots Absorb water and dissolved nutrients from soil Anchor plants to the ground Hold plants upright Stems Hold plant leaves up to the sun Leaves Spread chloroplasts out for photosythesis

Type of Vascular Tissue Function: Transport water, nutrients and the products of photosynthesis throughout the plant Two types of vascular tissue: Xylem Phloem Type of Vascular Tissue Description Function(s) Xylem Thick cell walls Dead cells Carries water and nutrients upward from roots to stems and leaves Thick cell walls provide strength for he plant Phloem Filled with cytoplasm Live cells Carries products of photosynthesis and other substances from one part of the plant to another (up and down)

Reproduction Seed plants have an alternation of generations, with the sporophyte generation being the dominant (most obvious) generation Evolutionary trend: as sporophyte generation gets larger, gametophyte generation gets smaller

Reproduction Seed plants reproduce free from water Special reproductive structures of seed plants are flowers and cones; these structures house the growing and maturing gametophyte

Reproduction Female gametophyte is contained within the ovule Male gametophyte is contained within a pollen grain

Reproduction Entire pollen grain (not the individual sperm) is carried to the female gametophyte; a process called pollination Pollination occurs due to the actions of wind, insects, birds, bats and animals

Reproduction Structures that protect the zygotes are called seeds (Zygote – union of male and female gametes) Zygote develops into a tiny embryo Embryo stops growing while it is still within the seed

Reproduction When environmental conditions are favourable, the embryo will begin to grow again A seed coat protects the embryo and the stored food supply within the seed from drying out while the embryo is waiting for favourable conditions before it germinates

Reproduction free from water allows seed plants to live in a variety of habitats The formation of seeds allows seed plants to survive and increase in number (compared to moss and ferns) because they can survive harsh conditions FROM