Skeletal Jigsaw: The Lower Limb Cassie Perez Danielle Pusillo Roshni Shibad Skeletal Jigsaw: The Lower Limb

Bones in the Lower Limb The lower limbs have 60 bones in total Each lower limb has a femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 7 tarsals, 5 metatarsals and 14 phalanges (x2=60)

Femur (Thigh Bone) The femur is the longest, heaviest bone in the body It makes up ¼-1/3 of the body When a person is standing upright, the femur transmits weight from hip to the tibia (shin bone) Function: Supports the most weight out of any other bone in the body Helps in the movement of our legs

Parts of Femur Head (rounded epiphysis): articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum Greater & lesser trochanters: projections that extend laterally from juncture of neck and shaft. Develop where large tendons attach to femur. Linea aspera: attachment of powerful muscles that pulls the shaft toward midline (movement called adduction). Lateral & Medial epicondyle: inferior surfaces form lateral and medial condyles  form part of knee joint.

Femur (Thigh Bone)

Femur Femoral Fracture Usually caused by a large force such as: Car accidents Falls from a height

Quick Quiz What are the two functions of the femur bone? Supports the most weight out of any other bone in the body Helps in the movement of our legs

Patella (Knee Cap) Glides over smooth anterior surface between lateral and medial condyles. It is a triangular sesamoid bone. Sesamoid means the bone is embedded in a tendon The patella is embedded in a tendon of the quadricep muscles that straighten the knee. It articulates with the femur and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint.

Patella (Knee Cap) Functions: Dislocation The primary function is knee extension. The patella increases the leverage that the tendon can exert on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. Dislocation Dislocation of the patella is common, especially among young female athletes. It is when the Patella moves out of place. It can be put back into place by extending the leg and sometimes it is fixed by itself.

Patella (Knee Cap)

Quick Quiz The Patella articulates with the _______ (1) and covers and protects the ____________________ (2). femur anterior articular surface of the knee joint

Tibia (Shin Bone) The Tibia is about 1/5- ¼ of the body It transmits weight from the femur to the foot. Function: Bears a lot of weight when a person is standing up Movement

Tibia One common Tibia injury is a stress fracture Stress Fracture= pain and swelling over the site of the fracture and pain when you push on the shin Very common in runners Caused by: Overloading the bone with continual muscle contractions Sudden change in terrain (for example: going from running on a track to lots of grass training)

Fibula (Calf Bone) Located right next to the Tibia. Slender, lateral bone. Does not articulate with femur or help transfer weight to ankle and foot. Functions: Doesn’t bear that much weight It is an attachment point for muscles in the leg It is a stabilizing bone, particularly for stabilizing the ankle

A fibrous membrane extends between the two bones Tibia and Fibula A fibrous membrane extends between the two bones helps stabilize their relative positions provides additional surface area for muscle attachment.

Quick Quiz The functions of the fibrous membrane that extends between the tibia and fibula are… helps stabilize their relative positions provides additional surface area for muscle attachment.

Tarsus (Ankle) The Tarsus is a cluster of 7 bones in the foot The Tarsal bones are located between the lower end of the Tibia and Fibula and the Metatarsus

Tarsus (Ankle) Bones included in the Tarsus: Talus – articulates tibia and fibula Calcaneus (heel bone) – posterior projection of calcaneus is the attachment site for the calcaneal tendon from the calf muscles Navicular bone Cuboid bone Medial (First) Cuneiform bone Intermediate (Second) Cuneiform bone Lateral (Third) Cuneiform bone Body weight passes through each of these bones in this order. Most of your weight is transmitted to the ground through the talus to the calcaneus.

Talus This bone connects superiorly to the Tibia/Fibula to form the Ankle Joint and inferiorly at the Subtalar Joint to the heel bone

Calcaneus Bone (Heel Bone) Largest Tarsal bone The Achilles Tendon is inserted into a roughened area on its superior side Functions:  It bears some weight of the body as we stand on our feet, and it supports the leg Assists in walking

Tarsus (Ankle)

Metatarsals & Phalanges Metatarsal bones – support sole of the foot.

Joints Knee Joint: Ankle Joint: Subtalar Joint: The femur attaches by ligaments and a capsule to your tibia. Below and next to the tibia is the fibula and tibia. The patella, rides on the knee joint as the knee bends. Ankle Joint: This is the joint between the Tibia and Fibula and the Tarsus Articulation of the Tibia, Fibula and Talus Acts as a hinge Subtalar Joint: The Subtalar Joint is a complex joint that is positioned below the ankle joint. Functions: Adjust to terrain when walking Pivoting on feet Shock absorbtion

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