Body Systems “Can anyone name some examples of body systems they may know?” This PowerPoint will cover what they do, their importance, and common problems/injuries associated with them. TEK: HE.6A 6/21/2016

Digestive System 6/21/2016

Digestive system What does it do? It breaks down food and drink into smaller pieces so the body can use them to build and nourish cells and to provide energy. Common problems/injuries? Heartburn (acid reflux), ulcers, gallstones, IBS, constipation, Crohn’s disease Discuss what it does and common problems. “IBS is irritable bowel syndrome causing discomfort, bloating, diarrhea, and/or constipation. Crohn’s disease is a type of IBS that can cause chronic inflammation in the GI tract causing bloody diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss, etc. These problems are usually genetic, but can be caused by interactions between environmental, immunological, and bacterial factors.” 6/21/2016

Digestive System Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Have students label parts of the digestive system on their own before showing answers. Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum 6/21/2016

Nervous System 6/21/2016

Nervous system What does it do? Sensory neurons take information from the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin to the brain. Motor neurons carry messages away from the brain and back to the rest of the body. Common problems/injuries? Brain tumors, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, concussions, meningitis, mental illnesses, migraines Discuss what it does and common problems. “Cerebral palsy is a disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture that is caused by injury or abnormal development in the immature brain, usually before birth. Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes seizures.” 6/21/2016

Central Nervous System The Nervous System Is divided into 2 sections Central Nervous System Cerebrum – 85% of the brain, controls thinking, long- and short- term memory Cerebellum – located at the back of the brain, controls balance Spinal Cord – connects neurons to the brain What does the central nervous consist of? The cerebrum consists of 85% of the brain, controls thinking, and is where our short- and long-term memory comes from. The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain and controls balance. The spinal cord connects neurons to the brain. 6/21/2016

Peripheral Nervous System Made up of a huge network of interconnecting neurons across the body Cranial Nerve – affects motion and feeling in the face; it does not pass through the spinal cord What makes up the PNS? Made up of neurons. The cranial nerve affects motion and feeling in the face. 6/21/2016

Endocrine System 6/21/2016

ENDOCRINE system ENDOCRINE = HORMONES What does it do? It helps regulate and maintain various body functions making and releasing hormones. Common problems/injuries? Diabetes, thyroid disorders Discuss what it does and common problems. “The pancreas is the organ affected by diabetes.” ENDOCRINE = HORMONES 6/21/2016

Endocrine System Pituitary Gland “Master Gland”; controls all endocrine glands Hypothalamus Controls metabolism and homeostasis Thyroid Gland Regulates metabolism Parathyroid Gland Controls calcium in blood and bones Adrenal Gland Controls metabolism and stress responses Pinal Gland Regulates wake/sleep cycle Reproductive Glands Controls sex hormones Pancreas Aids in food digestion and controls blood sugar levels List the parts of the endocrine system and what they do. (Define metabolism – how your body converts food into the energy needed. So if you have a “high or fast” metabolism, your body converts food more efficiently into energy. Define homeostasis – maintain internal stability; state of equilibrium.) 6/21/2016

Respiratory System 6/21/2016

Respiratory system What does it do? It supplies the blood with oxygen. We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This gas exchange is how we get the oxygen in the blood. Common problems/injuries? Asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia Discuss what it does and common problems. 6/21/2016

Respiratory System A – Lungs B – Alveoli C – Nasal Cavity D – Mouth E – Trachea F – Diaphragm G – Epiglottis H – Bronchia I – Pharynx I G H Have students label parts of the respiratory system on their own before showing answers. (Trachea is the windpipe. When you touch your neck, you can feel the rings of the trachea. The esophagus is located behind your trachea. The epiglottis is the flap that shuts off entry to the trachea so food won’t get in there when you swallow. Hiccups are spasms (sudden, involuntary contractions) of the diaphragm). 6/21/2016

Respiratory System Nasal cavity is lined with… Cilia ~ which filter the air Mucous Membrane ~ which moistens the air Blood Capillaries ~ which warm the air List what lines the nasal cavity and what each does to the air we breathe. 6/21/2016

Circulatory System 6/21/2016

Circulatory system What does it do? It circulates blood through the body. This is our “blood pressure,” which is the contraction and relaxation of our heart muscle. Systole = Contraction Diastole = Relaxation Average Blood pressure is 120 / 80. Common problems/injuries? Atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, angina, aneurysm, arrhythmia Discuss what the CS does and common problems. “Systole is contraction of the heart pumping blood to the rest of the body. That is why the number is bigger than diastole. Diastole is relaxation of the heart, which means the blood is moving from the atrium to the ventricle. This is why the number is smaller. The blood doesn’t have very far to travel so the pressure should be lower. Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries. Fat and cholesterol build up in the walls of the arteries (plaque). Angina is just chest discomfort. Aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. Arrhythmia is an irregular heartbeat.” 6/21/2016

Circulatory System atrium ventricle atrium ventricle blue lungs oxygen The heart is divided into 4 chambers, right ________________ and ____________________ and the left ______________________ and _________________________. Oxygen-poor blood, ____________ blood, circulates to the right side of the heart. It is sent to the _______________ to get __________________. The _______ blood is then sent back to the left side of the heart to be circulated back through the _______________. atrium ventricle atrium ventricle blue lungs oxygen red Discuss the parts of the heart and how the blood flows in and out. body 6/21/2016

Flow of blood through the heart: Blue blood > Right Atrium > Right Ventricle > Lungs > Red blood > Left Atrium > Left Ventricle > Body. Blue = deoxygenated. Red = oxygenated. Atrium then ventricle – A before V in the alphabet. 6/21/2016

Lymphatic System 6/21/2016

LYMPHATIC = IMMUNE SYSTEM Lymphatic system What does it do? It transports fluids throughout the body. The vessels carry proteins to the lymph nodes, which are filled with white blood cells that kill bacteria and other pathogens, before sending the protein back into the body. Common problems/injuries? Lymphedema, lymphoma, cancer Discuss what the Lymphatic System does and common problems. “Lymphedema is a build-up of lymph fluid in the fatty tissues just under your skin. Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in immune system cells called lymphocytes.” LYMPHATIC = IMMUNE SYSTEM 6/21/2016

all throughout our body. What is the largest one? We have lymph nodes all throughout our body. What is the largest one? What is the largest lymph node in our body? Liver LIVER 6/21/2016

SKELETAL system 6/21/2016

Skeletal System What does it do? Provides shape to the body Gives muscles a place to attach Protects certain organs Common problems/injuries? Sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations What are the 3 functions of the skeletal system? Provides shape to the body, protects organs, and muscle attachment. 6/21/2016

206 How many bones can you label? Do you know how many bones we have in our body? 206 Have students fill in as many bones as they can before you show the diagram. Discuss each bone. 6/21/2016

Terms associated with the skeletal system: Joint – point at which 2 bones come together Dislocation – one bone pulls out of a joint Ligaments – attach bone to bone at a joint Sprain – a pull or tear in a ligament Tendons – Attach muscle to bone at a joint Strain – a pull or tear in a tendon or muscle Cartilage – cushion between the bones at a joint Define them. 6/21/2016

muscular system 6/21/2016

muscular system What does it do? Allows for movement Provides protection for the joints Creates heat Common problems/injuries? Strains, pulled muscles, cramps What are the 3 functions of the muscular system? Movement, protection in the joints and creates heat. 6/21/2016

How do muscles work together to cause movement? The muscles work in pairs to keep your body moving. When one muscle contracts (shortens), the other one relaxes (lengthens). Ex… The biceps and triceps muscles work as a pair to bend and straighten the arm (flexion and extension). Discuss how muscles work in pairs to cause movement. When one contracts (shortens) the opposite muscle relaxes (lengthens). 6/21/2016

How many muscles can you label? Deltoids Trapezius Pectorals Triceps Bicep Latissimus Dorsi Abs Gluteus Maximus Have students fill in as many as muscles as they can before you show the diagram. Discuss each muscle. Quadriceps Hamstrings Gastrocnemius How many muscles can you label? 6/21/2016

What would be an example of this? Many of the body systems depend on other body systems in order to function properly. What would be an example of this? What are some examples? Lymphatic system and Immune System, Muscular and Skeletal, etc. 6/21/2016