NB setup Monday PG 27 Table of Contents PG 26 Unit 2: Biochemistry Quick Write Video (I’m going to play the amoeba sisters) PG 27 Table of Contents

NBpg. 26 Top Unit 2: Biochemistry Quick Write: (Top 1/2 of the page) Describe matter and how is matter an essential part of life? Everything that has mass and takes up space, is made of matter. Atoms make up molecules, which make up the substance of living things. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids are four kinds of molecules that are especially important to the structure and function of organisms.

Unit 2- Biochemistry Page Description Pts Earned Intro + Video 10 Table of Contents 10 Atom Activity 20 Atom to Elements 20 Bonds, Atomic Bonds 20 Elements to Molecules 20 Water 20 Penny Lab 20 Power of Hydrogen 20 pH Lab 20 Concept Map 20 Macromolecules 20 Carbohydrates 15 Carbohydrates 20 Lipids 15 Lipids 20 Protein 15 Protein 20 Nucleic Acids 15 Nucleic Acids 20 Macromolecule Lab : Day 20 Day 2 (+Poster) 20 Total: 400 Exam on 9-29 Unit 2- Biochemistry

Intro Video: Biomolecules NBpg. 26 Bottom Intro Video: Biomolecules 5- Pictures 4- Elements 3- Monomers 2- Examples 1- Main Topic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YO244P1e9QM

NB setup Tuesday PG 29 Atoms to Elements PG 28 Atom Activity EQ: WU: Draw Table O C N H P PG 29 Atoms to Elements EQ: 4Qs Notes Summary

Warm-up Explain the Periodic Table of Elements. Answer: NBpg. 28 Warm-up Explain the Periodic Table of Elements. Answer: Its made up of elements They are in order by the number of subatomic particles Column 10 are noble gases They all have a Symbol, atomic weight, and number

Atoms to Elements EQ: How are atoms the building blocks of matter? NBpg. 29 1 of 3 Page 8 EQ: How are atoms the building blocks of matter? (Q1) (Q2) The basic unit of matter is the atom. The subatomic particles that make up atoms are protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-). Protons: positive charge Neutrons: no charge Electrons: negative charge Sketch: e- 3P 3N Make up the nucleus/ center

Atoms to Elements An element is made up of atoms. NBpg. 29 Atoms to Elements 2 of 3 Page 8 (Q3) An element is made up of atoms. They have the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons they contain are known as isotopes. Sketch:

Atoms to Elements Summary (Q4) Atomic Number: is the number of protons NBpg. 29 3 of 3 Page 8 (Q4) Sketch: Atomic Number: is the number of protons Remember: A pure element has the same number of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atomic Mass: is the average number of protons + neutrons + electrons in it’s most stable form Carbon: \ 6 protons 6 neutrons 6 electrons Mass is 12.01 Summary

Atom Activity NBpg. 28 PG 28 Atom Activity WU: Table O C N H P e- Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Atomic # Mass Hydrogen 1 Carbon 12.01 Oxygen O Nitrogen 7 Phosphorus 15 PG 28 Atom Activity WU: Table O C N H P Element Symbol Protons Neutrons Atomic # Mass Hydrogen 1 Helium 2 Carbon 12.01 Oxygen O Nitrogen 8 Finish the Chart above Then draw an atom (like the example) for Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Phosphorus EX: Lithium Only 2 e- on the 1st ring 8 e- on the 2nd and 3rd (You’ll learn why in Chemistry) e- 3P 3N

NB Set up Wednesday PG 31 Elements to Molecules PG 30 Bonds, Atomic Bonds WU: Ionic Bond Covalent Define Draw example Hydrogen Bond Van der Waals Force PG 31 Elements to Molecules EQ: 4Qs Notes Summary

Warm-up What makes up CO2? NBpg. 30 Warm-up What makes up CO2? Is CO2 an element, molecule, or compound, and why? Answer: C= 1 Carbon O2= 2 Oxygen CO2 is a compound because it has 2+ elements CO2 is a molecule, because it has 2+ atoms

Elements to Molecules NBpg. 31 1 of 3 Page 8 EQ: Describe the relation between atom, element, molecule, and compound. (Q1) (Q2) When elements come together, they make a complex form of matter called molecules and compounds. Molecules are made of 2+ atoms Example: O2 Compounds are made of 2+ different elements Example: CO2 Elements are made of the same atoms Sketch

Has two different elements NBpg. 31 2 of 3 Sketch Molecule Has two atoms O2 or CO2 Element Has the same atoms C or O Compound Has two different elements CO2

Elements to Molecules Atoms are held together by chemical bonds. NBpg. 31 Elements to Molecules 3 of 3 Page 8 (Q3) (Q4) Atoms are held together by chemical bonds. Ionic Bonds are formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another. Covalent Bonds are formed when electrons are shared between atoms. e- P N e- P N e- Sketch e- P N e- P N e- Summary

Bonds, Atomic Bonds NBpg. 30 PG 30 Bonds, Atomic Bonds WU: Ionic Bond Covalent Define Draw example Hydrogen Bond Van der Waals Force

NB setup Thursday PG 32 Water WU: EQ: 4Qs Notes Summary PG 33 Penny Lab Question: How many drops of water can a penny hold with tap water and soapy water? Predict # : Tap water ____Soapy water ____ Hypothesis (If…then…) Experiment: … Data: Graph: Analyze: (2+ sentences) Conclusion:(3+ sentences) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Aver. Tap Soapy

Warm-up Explain what type of bond(s) does water (H20) have? Answer: Hydrogen Bond: between O and H from 2 water molecules Covalent Bond: between O and H within a molecule

Water EQ: Describe important characteristics of water? NBpg. 32 Water 1 of 2 Page 8 EQ: Describe important characteristics of water? Within the molecule the atoms are shared in Covalent Bonds. H2O is neutral Hydrogen Bonds are the attraction of the H and O between several water molecules. The Oxygen is slightly negative The Hydrogen is slightly positive. (Q1) (Q2)

NBpg. 32 Water 2 of 2 Page 8 Adhesion is the attraction between molecules of different substances. EX: water moving in plants Cohesion is an attraction between molecules of the same substance. EX: rain drops Surface Tension is the cohesion at the surface of water, which forms a surface "film/skin.” Some substances may reduce the cohesive force, which will reduce the strength of the surface. (Q3) (Q4) Summary

NBpg 33: PENNY LAB (Set-up) Include these words in your explanations: adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, volume, surface area Question: How many drops of water can a penny hold with tap water and soapy water? Predict # : Tap water ____ Soapy water ____ Hypothesis (If…then…) Experiment: … Data: Graph: … Analyze: (2+ sentences) Conclusion:(+3 sentences) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Aver. Tap Soapy

NB setup Friday PG 34 Power of Hydrogen WU: EQ: 4Qs Notes Summary PG 35 pH Lab Battery Acid Gastric Acid Vinegar Soda Acid Rain Black Coffee Urine/Saliva Tap Water Sea Water Baking Soda Tums Ammonia Soap Bleach Drain Cleaner

NBpg. 34 Warm Up What does pH stand for? Explain neutral.

pH is the Power of Hydrogen NBpg. 34 1 of 3 Page 8 EQ: Explain how water is the greatest solvent on Earth. (Q1) Water can split apart to create H+ and OH-. Acids have a higher concentration of Hydrogen ions (H+). pH scale 1-6. Neutral is a balance of the ions. pH scale 7. Bases have a higher concentration of Hydroxide ions (OH-). pH scale 8-14. *Charged particles can interfere with chemical bonds and cause damage.

pH is the Power of Hydrogen (Cont.) NBpg. 34 pH is the Power of Hydrogen (Cont.) 2 of 3 Page 8 (Q2) Read Only: Not just Chemistry, but in Biology too… Buffer keeps solutions at a steady pH. If basic (OH-), then (H+) is added If acidic (H+), then (OH-) is added Creating water molecules to bring it closer to neutral. In organisms: blood or cytoplasm are the “solutions” in which ions are floating in, like electrolytes. The human body has two common buffers: carbonic acid (H2CO3) releases extra H+ ions, and bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) absorbs extra H+ ions. This function brings internal balance (Homeostasis).

pH is the Power of Hydrogen (Cont.) NBpg. 34 3 of 3 Page 8 A mixture is 2+ molecules that are physically mixed together - not chemically combined. A solution is 2+ molecules that are evenly distributed throughout the solution. - can not be separated. Substance which dissolves = solvent Substance that is dissolved = solute. (Q3) (Q4) SUMMARY Draw Label: mixture or solution Draw Label the solute and solvent. Summary

pH Activity (Set-up) NBpg. 35 Draw pH Scale with color and labels  Battery Acid Gastric Acid Vinegar Soda Acid Rain Black Coffee Urine/Saliva Tap Water Sea Water Baking Soda Tums Ammonia Soap Bleach Drain Cleaner Draw pH Scale with color and labels  Use the Litmus Paper to find the pH and determine the sample using the pH scale. Vinegar Soda (sprite) Tap water Alkaline water/Baking soda Bleach Sample pH 1 2 3 4 5 Make an inference about your stomach: … If you had an upset stomach, which of the 5 substances you tested would act as a buffer to calm your stomach? Claim: (answer in a statement format) Evidence: (scientific data) Reasoning: (scientific explanation using vocab words)

Monday Lab Day!

NBpg 33: PENNY LAB Include these words in your explanations: adhesion, cohesion, surface tension, volume, surface area Question: How many drops of water can a penny hold with tap water and soapy water? Predict # : Tap water ____ Soapy water ____ Hypothesis (If…then…) Experiment: Do 3 trials for tap and soapy water. Count how many droplets of water fit on a penny. Data: Graph: Create a graph based on the data, and remember TAILS Analyze: (2+ sentences) Does tap or soapy water have more surface tension? Conclusion:(+3 sentences) Restate your Hypothesis, was it accepted or rejected. Explain why, by summarizing the data. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Aver. Tap Soapy

Acid and Base Activity NBpg. 35 Place 5 substances into the 5 wells. Battery Acid Gastric Acid Vinegar Soda Acid Rain Black Coffee Urine/Saliva Tap Water Sea Water Baking Soda Tums Ammonia Soap Bleach Drain Cleaner Place 5 substances into the 5 wells. Match the numbers! Use the Litmus Paper to find the pH and determine the sample using the pH scale. Vinegar Soda (sprite) Tap water Alkaline water/Baking soda Bleach Sample pH 1 2 3 4 5 Make an inference about your stomach: is it an acid or alkali? If you had an upset stomach, which of the 5 substances you tested would act as a buffer to calm your stomach? Claim: (answer in a statement format) Evidence: (scientific data) Reasoning: (scientific explanation using vocab words)

NB Set up Tuesday PG 36 Concept Map PG 37 Macromolecules Intro Later Assignment:

Macromolecules Intro: NBpg. 37 Top Macromolecules Page 8 Intro: Organic chemistry is the chemistry of living things, which contain carbon atoms. *Carbon is the baseline of living things Carbon atoms are central to all organisms. Carbon molecules such as Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids are structural material called Macromolecules.

The later part… Mondays Homework NBpg. 37 Bottom Page 8 The later part… Mondays Homework For each Macromolecule: Name the monomer Name the polymer(s) Explain the function of a polymer from (b) Page Format A B C 2. A 3. A 4. A

NB setup for Wednesday: Pg 39: Carbohydrates EQ: 4?’s Notes Pg. 38: Carbohydrates Table Summary

Carbohydrates (Q1) EQ: How are monomers combined to make polymers? NBpg. 39 1 of 4 Page 8 EQ: How are monomers combined to make polymers? (Q1) Carbohydrates Consists of C, H, and O. (in hexose) The basic formula is CH2O (multiply that by 6 and get C6H12O6= Glucose) Energy-packed compound that can be broken down for quick energy. Monosaccharides are the monomers for carbohydrates Mono = one saccharide= sugar

Carbohydrates (Cont.) (Q2) NBpg. 39 Carbohydrates (Cont.) 2 of 4 Page 8 (Q2) Monomer + Monomer = dehydration synthesis (lose water) Monomer – Monomer = hydrolysis (water breaks)

Carbohydrates (Cont.) (Q3) 3 Types of Sugars: NBpg. 39 Carbohydrates (Cont.) 3 of 4 Page 8 (Q3) 3 Types of Sugars: Monosaccharides (monomer) One Sugar: Glucose, Fructose (fruits), Galactose 2. Disaccharides (polymer) Two sugar: Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose 3. Polysaccharides (polymer) Many sugars: Starch, Cellulose, Pectin, Glycogen

Carbohydrates (Cont.) (Q4) Stored Energy: NBpg. 39 Carbohydrates (Cont.) 4 of 4 Page 8 Stored Energy: Animals store Glycogen in your liver for when you exercise. Plants store Starch. Both can be broken down into simple sugars. Plants also create cellulose for structural functions, which humans can not digest. (Q4) Summary (bottom of previous page)

NB setup for Thursday: Pg 41: Lipids Pg40: Lipids EQ: Table 4?’s Notes Summary

Lipids (Q1) EQ: Describe the structure and functions of Lipids? Lipids NBpg. 41 1 of 4 Page 8 EQ: Describe the structure and functions of Lipids? (Q1) Lipids Contains C, H, and O (in chains) (but there’s a higher ratio of C and H, than O) 3 Polymers: Triglycerides, Phospholipid, and Steroids. Lipids are Nonpolar/Hydrophobic, which means it doesn’t mix with water Stores High Energy and has Water Repellent Properties

There are two types of Fatty Acids: NBpg. 41 Lipids (cont.) 2 of 4 Page 8 (Q2) One Fatty Acid chain is a monomer for lipids. There are two types of Fatty Acids: Saturated fats have no double bonds between carbon atoms. They are solid at room temp, like butter, lard, and wax. Unsaturated fats have double bonds between some of the carbon atoms. They are liquid at room temp, like oils and phospholipids.

Lipids (cont.) (Q2) (Q3) There are 3 types of Lipids: NBpg. 41 Lipids (cont.) 3 of 4 Page 8 There are 3 types of Lipids: Triglyceride is one glycerol and three fatty acids. Triglycerides create body fat in animals, known as adipose. (Q2) (Q3) Glycerol Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Fatty Acid Phospholipids are a major component of all cell membranes. They can form lipid bilayers. The structure consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid "tails" and a hydrophilic phosphate "head"

Lipids (cont.) (Q4) Summary (bottom of previous page) NBpg. 41 Lipids (cont.) 4 of 4 Page 8 (Q4) There are 3 types of Lipids: (Cont) A steroid has four "fused" rings in specific configurations made from animals, fungi, and plants. Steroids have two biological functions: Some are components of cell membranes, like cholesterol Many are signaling molecules. Summary (bottom of previous page)

NB setup for Friday Pg 43: Protein/Enzymes Pg 42 Protein EQ: TBpg 51 4?’s Notes Pg 42 Protein TBpg 51 How does pH Affect an Enzyme? Draw, label, and color graph Don’t write questions, but answer in complete sentences #1-6 Summary

Proteins NBpg. 42 1 of 2 Page 8 EQ: How are Amino Acids and Enzymes structures of Proteins? (Q1) Protein Consists of C, H, O, and N Structural proteins reinforce cells and tissues Structural proteins Catalyzing metabolic reactions DNA replication Transport proteins The functions are very diverse. Don’t Draw:

Proteins (Cont.) (Q2) Amino Acids  Polypeptides: NBpg. 42 Proteins (Cont.) 2 of 2 Page 8 (Q2) Amino Acids  Polypeptides: The monomers of proteins are Amino Acids. Just 20 amino acids can form many proteins by coming together in many different combinations. Amino Acids linked together make a Polypeptide chain, (polymers)creating a protein.

Enzymes (Q3) Polypeptides Enzymes: NBpg. 43 1 of 2 Page 8 Don’t Draw: (Q3) Polypeptides Enzymes: Enzymes are Catalysts needed for most chemical reactions to occur quickly, which require a high amount of activation energy. Factors that affect enzymes: Temperature, pH/ion concentration The names of most enzymes end in -ase. The first part of their name comes from the substrate. Ex. Protease, Lipase, Amylase

Enzymes (Cont.) NBpg. 43 4 of 4 Page 8 (Q4) Structure and function of enzymes The model that shows how enzymes work is called the Lock and Key Model. Activation Energy: Enzymes lower the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction to occur = faster reaction. Draw, label, color Don’t Draw:

NB setup for Friday Pg 43: Protein/Enzymes Pg 42 Protein EQ: TBpg 51 4?’s Notes Pg 42 Protein TBpg 51 How does pH Affect an Enzyme? Draw, label, and color graph Don’t write questions, but answer in complete sentences #1-6 Summary

NB setup for Friday Pg 43: Protein/Enzymes Pg 42 Protein EQ: TBpg 51 4?’s Notes Pg 42 Protein TBpg 51 How does pH Affect an Enzyme? Draw, label, and color graph Don’t write questions, but answer in complete sentences #1-6 Summary

NB setup for Monday Pg 45: Nucleic Acids Pg 44: Nucleic Acid EQ: Draw Pg 45: Nucleic Acids EQ: 4?’s Notes Summary

NBpg. 45 Nucleic Acids Page 8 EQ: Describe the 3 parts of a Nucleotide, and what can they become. (Q1) Nucleic Acid Contains C, H, O, N, P The monomer is a Nucleotide

Nucleic Acids (Q2) Nucleotides are composed of: Phosphate group NBpg. 45 Nucleic Acids Page 8 (Q2) Nucleotides are composed of: Phosphate group 2. Sugar Nitrogen base (A-T or C-G)

NBpg. 45 Nucleic Acids Page 8 (Q3) (Q4) Nucleotides (monomer) build DNA and RNA(polymers), which Stores genetic information for hereditary. RNA . Ribonucleic Acid Single Strand A-U and C-G Uracil Ribose (Sugar) DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid Double strand A-T and C-G Thymine Deoxyribose (sugar)

DNA and Macro-Summary NBpg. 44 TOP Page 8 C or T A or G C G A T C G A

Tuesday: Mystery Powder Lab PG 47: Mystery Powder Lab Data Keep in Mind… Table Pg 46: Mystery Powder Lab Intro Intro: Procedures of each Test Test 1 2 3 4

Identify the Mystery Powder NBpg46 Mystery Lab Intro and Procedures Introduction: Biochemists often use simple chemical tests to identify substances present in our bodies. This part of the lab will test various powders to determine whether they contain carbohydrates (simple sugars and starch), lipids, or protein. Procedures: See handout: Simple Sugar (Glucose) Complex Sugar (Starch) Protein Lipids Keep in Mind: There are 6 powders that contain macromolecules. For each powder, you need to conduct each test for positive or negative results. A sample size is a pinch, and only 2-3 drops of indicator is needed to see results. Record your observations and infer what the mystery powders are based on the results. Identify the Mystery Powder Glucose Test +/- Starch Test Protein Test Lipid Test Control Water   _   _ _ 1. ______   2. ______ 3. ______ 4. ______ 5. ______ 6. ______

TEST FOR STARCH (polysaccharides) Add a small sample of the 5 substances Add 1-2 drops of IODINE solution to each well A positive test for starch is a color change to DARK BLUE OR BLACK. Be sure to look at the food color, NOT the liquid. Record the final color for each well and indicate whether the powder is positive (+) or negative (-) . Clean and dry the tray before the next test.   TEST FOR PROTEIN (Amino Acids) Add 5-8 drops of BUIRETS to each well. A positive protein test is a change of the liquid to a PURPLISH color. Record the final color for each well and indicate whether the powder is positive (+) or negative (-) . TEST FOR LIPIDS (Paper ) Add a small sample of the 5 substances to a piece of brown paper Rub the sample into the paper, and blot off excess sample. Let dry for 5-10 mins. A positive protein test will change the brown paper to a translucent color. Record the final color for each well and indicate whether the powder is positive (+) or negative (-) . Trash the paper when finished recording.  TEST FOR SIMPLE SUGARS (monosaccharides) Add a small sample to a test tube= 5 samples = 5 test tubes. Add 2-4 drops of BENEDICT SOLUTION to the test tube + HEAT (CAREFUL) A positive test for a simple sugar is a color change to GREEN, ORANGE, RED, OR YELLOW. Record the final color for each well and indicate whether the powder is positive (+) or negative (-) Clean and dry the test tubes before the next test.

Poster See white board tomorrow… Title + Name: The Mystery Powder Lab 4 Boxes: Simple Sugar Complex Sugar Protein Lipids Each box needs to include: A title (like Protein) How to test it (see handout) What does +/- mean What powder is in this section