Chapter 12 Organic Compounds Lecture Presentation Chapter 12 Organic Compounds Karen C. Timberlake

Chapter 3 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons Firefighters/emergency medical technicians are first responders to fires, accidents, and other emergency situations. They are required to have an emergency medical technician certification in order to be able to treat seriously injured people.

Chapter 12 Readiness Core Chemistry Skills Drawing Lewis Structures (6.6) Predicting Shape (6.8) Balancing a Chemical Equation (7.1)

12.1 Organic Compounds Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Organic compounds such as vegetable oil contain carbon and hydrogen and are not soluble in water. Learning Goal Identify properties characteristic of organic or inorganic compounds.

Organic Compounds An organic compound Always contains carbon and hydrogen atoms. May also contain other nonmetals such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, or a halogen. is often found in common products such as gasoline, medicines, shampoos, plastics, and perfumes. We organize organic compounds by their functional groups, which are groups of atoms bonded in a specific way. Compounds that contain the same functional group have similar physical and chemical properties.

Properties of Organic Compounds Organic compounds typically Have covalent bonds. have low melting and boiling points. are flammable and undergo combustion. are not soluble in water. Vegetable oil is a mixture of organic compounds and is not soluble in water.

Organic and Inorganic Compounds Many inorganic compounds have high melting and boiling points. Inorganic compounds that are ionic are usually soluble in water, and most do not burn in air. Propane, C3H8, is an organic compound used as a fuel. NaCl, salt, is an inorganic compound composed of Na+ and Cl− ions.

Properties of Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Study Check Identify each characteristic as most typical of compounds that are inorganic or organic. It has a high melting point. It is not soluble in water. It contains carbon and hydrogen atoms. D. It has the formula MgCl2. It burns easily in air.

Solution Identify each characteristic as most typical of compounds that are inorganic or organic. It has a high melting point. inorganic It is not soluble in water. organic It contains carbon and hydrogen atoms. organic It has the formula MgCl2. inorganic It burns easily in air. organic

Representations of Organic Compounds Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. In organic molecules, every carbon has four bonds. In methane (CH4), the carbon atom forms an octet by sharing its four valence electrons with four hydrogen atoms. Three-dimensional and two-dimensional representations of methane: (a) space-filling model, (b) ball-and-stick model, (c) wedge–dash model, (d) expanded structural formula, and (e) condensed structural formula.

CH4 Carbon Compounds: Methane (CH4) Structures are most often represented using their corresponding two-dimensional formulas. The expanded structural formula shows all of the atoms and the bonds connected to each atom. A condensed structural formula shows the carbon atoms each grouped with the attached number of hydrogen atoms. CH4

Carbon Compounds: Methane (CH4) In methane (CH4), carbon forms four covalent bonds to hydrogen. Methane is tetrahedral and has bond angles of 109°. A hydrocarbon is referred to as a saturated hydrocarbon when all the bonds in the molecule are single bonds.

Carbon Compounds: Ethane (C2H6) In ethane (C2H6), each tetrahedral carbon forms three covalent bonds to hydrogen and one to the other carbon. Three-dimensional and two-dimensional representations of ethane: (a) space-filling model,(b) ball-and-stick model, (c) wedge–dash model, (d) expanded structural formula, and (e) condensed structural formula.

Study Check In the butane molecule (C4H10), predict the shape around each carbon atom.

Solution In the butane molecule (C4H10), predict the shape around each carbon atom. Each carbon atom has four single covalent bonds and, therefore, a tetrahedral shape.