#2 – Imperialism in Africa (27.1) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo Crash Course - 19th Century Imperialism

African Trade [15c-17c]

Pre-19c European Trade with Africa

Closed Africa Escarpments – steep cliffs   Cataracts – Large waterfalls on many African rivers; Ex. Nile, Congo, Zambezi Boats cannot sail down many rivers Early Europeans did not explore the land

Disease Tropical Climate: Breeding Ground for Disease:  Malaria (mosquitoes) Sleeping Sickness – Tsetse Fly River blindness – Flies Bilharzia – snails/parasite worms – bladder infections Guinea Worm Blinding Trachoma Ebola

Imperialism Imperialism – a policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically, or socially. (Crash Course Imperialism 3:21)

Motives - Economic Europe in the mist of the Industrial Revolution New technology in manufacturing and the military Access to more capital What type of economic system is in place at this time? Capitalism What drives capitalism? Competition Industrial competition Access to raw materials

Motives - Political What would be a possible result of the increase competition? - Rivalries grew in Europe. which brings about - Increase in nationalism in European countries.

Motives: Religion Religious – spread Christianity. Major push by European missionaries to convert people in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands to Christianity.

Social Darwinism Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution “survival of the fittest” Justification for imperialist expansion. Racism – the belief that one race is superior to others. White Man’s Burden

The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

European Domination How they were able to dominate? Technologically superior Maxim gun. Invented (1884). 1st automatic gun. Built steamboats, railroads   Developed drugs to prevent malaria (1829).   Manipulated rival African groups to fight one another.

Europeans motivation for Colonization/Imperialism

European Motives For Colonization European Nationalism Source for Raw Materials Missionary Activity Industrial Revolution European Motives For Colonization Markets for Finished Goods Military & Naval Bases Social Darwinism European Racism Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. Humanitarian Reasons Soc. & Eco. Opportunities “White Man’s Burden”

European Explorers in Africa 19c  Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

European Explorations in mid-19c: “The Scramble for Africa”

“Dr. Livingstone, I presume” Exploration of what area begins to open the heart of Africa? The Congo Dr. David Livingstone – missionary travels to central Africa Goes missing – American newspaper hires reporter Henry Stanley to find Livingstone King Leopold of Belgium commissions Stanley to obtain land, which he does.

Scramble for Africa King Leopold II of Belgium began controlling the Congo River Basin (modern-day Democratic Republic of Congo- formally Zaire)

King Leopold II: (r. 1865 – 1909)

Brutality on the Rubber Plantations Exploitation of Africans to harvest sap from rubber plants. 10 Million Congolese died

Harvesting Rubber

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

Estimated 5-10 Million Victims! (50% of Population) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grYjrdbDHOc Estimated 5-10 Million Victims! (50% of Population) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Congo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grYjrd bDHOc Stanley 1:23 min Crash Course Imperialism 3:24 - Africa

MMMMM…Give Me Some of the Cake Berlin Conference

Berlin Conference (1884-1885). 14 nations met in Germany (no African nations invited to conference).  The Europeans carved Africa into colonies.  Set future rules on acquiring territories.

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 Another point of view? 

Invitees The 14 attending conference: Austria-Hungary. 8. Netherlands. Belgium. 9. Portugal. Denmark. 10. Russia. France. 11. Spain. Germany. 12. Sweden-Norway (Unified 1814-1905). Great Britain. 13. Turkey. Italy. 14. United States.   BOLD FACE ARE THE MAJOR COUNTRIES INVOLVED AT THE TIME

Berlin Conference of 1884-1885

Africa 1890

Anti-Imperialism – Negative effects on Africa Governments were destabilized Rivalry between colonizing nations Caused discord among groups who co-existed harmoniously - rebellions Inexpensive labor became slavery or forced labor Natural resources were exploited Cash crops brought famine Racism Native religions were discredited Traditional culture and languages were wiped away.

Cobalt Mining Present-Day https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/business /batteries/congo-cobalt-mining-for-lithium-ion- battery/?wpisrc=nl_evening&wpmm=1

Pro-Imperialism Positive effects on Africa Development of Modern Technologies Industrialization Development of infrastructure in 3rd world countries Establishment of educational institutes - literacy Exploration Conduct scientific experiments Medical research Exchange of cultural ideas Trade Routes developed