World Water Resources Asheesh/Eng2010

World Water Challenges a) Water scarcity b) Lack of accessibility c) Water quality deterioration d) Fragmentation of water management e) Decline of financial resources f) Lack of awareness by decision makers g) Endangering world peace and security Asheesh/Eng2006

Water Scarcity Evolution of Water Shortages (1995-2075) SEI - Criticality index (Source: WaterGAP) Asheesh/Eng2006

Global Population Population in billions Year High variant 14 High variant 12 Medium variant 10 Low variant 8 6 4 2 Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Asheesh/Eng2006

Lack of accessibility 1.2 Billion people lack access to clean drinking water http://neomam.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/a-travellers-guide-to-tap-water.jpg 2-3 Billion lack adequate sanitation 4.0 Billion without sewerage service 5-10 Million deaths caused by water problems per year Asheesh/Eng2006

Water Quality Deterioration Industrial and Communal Wastewater affect water supply Irrigation leads to pollution and salinization Severe impact on human health and environmental quality Asheesh/Eng2006

Decline of Financial Resources Reduction of international development assistance, national programs and private sector investments since latter part 1980’s. Failure to recognize water as an economic good contributes to under-investment Need for new funds and updated development schemes. Asheesh/Eng2006

Global Aspect 263 river basins in the world, shared by two or more countries Moreover, nearly fifty countries have seventy-five percent or more of their total land area within shared river basins. Thirty five to forty percent of the world's population lives in these basins. Since environmental problems do not respect national boundaries, nations are searching for appropriate legal and institutional rules and tools to protect and manage these resources. Everybody downstream Asheesh/Eng2006

Crossboundary Water Resources Discharge from transbounday flow Recharge contributing to transboundary flow Transboundary flow direction INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY Asheesh/Eng2006

The Case of the Basin of the Jordan River and West Bank Aquifer Sovereign rights  a fair and equitable solution Conflict of distrust Underground aquifers: a simple analogy from surface water of rivers flowing into a lake is scientifically unsound Data and information gaps: centralization and control International Observers &Joint Commission (IJC) is recommended Tools can be applied e.g. minimize water use Asheesh/Eng2006

Categories of Scarcity Index1 (m3 per capita) Category/ Condition1 index2 Condition2 >1700 No stress <1000 Scarcity 1000-1700 Stress <1667 500-1000 >1667 Abundance <500 Absolute scarcity   Asheesh/Eng2006

Global Aspects Asheesh/Eng2006 Country Amount of fresh water m3/cap. x103 Canada 94,4 England 1,2 USA 8,9 Kenia 0,7 China 2,2 Israel 0,3 India 1,9 Egypt 0,04 Finland 21,3   Asheesh/Eng2006

Conclusions rules and conventions on sharing international water resources are ‘frameworks’: Room for interpretation Enforcement limitation Asheesh/Eng2006

Water resources balance parameters calculated for a state or riparian states can be divided into four major groups: (i) System Input Volume (ii) System Output Used Volume, (iii) System Output Losses, (iv) System Output to Environment. Asheesh/Eng2006

Asheesh/Eng2006 System Input Volume Available Water Outlet Underground water Desalinated water External input/ Imported water Rain water Water re-use Surface water Available Water Outlet Recycle SYSTEM OUTPUT LOSSES SYSTEM OUTPUT VOLUME Evaporation & Transpiration Green Services Domestic use Losses Distribution Industrial use Irrigation Environment Water bodies Asheesh/Eng2006 Drainage Outflow (blue water flow)

Scarcity index Asheesh/Eng2006

Where: Wsci. Scarcity index if it is negative : Where: Wsci Scarcity index if it is negative : Income to system (A or B riparian) : Annual domestic demand (m3/p.a) : Demand for the green areas (m3/p.a), this depends on inhabitation growth : Demand for irrigation (m3/p.a) : = Ln (1+r) the growth rate matrix t: Length of the time for which the estimation is made, the period can be calculated as the difference between the set of time the estimated future (t-k); : Population when t = 0 t: Present time h: Yearly evaporation amount of water depending on climate of country and area b: Water needs for maintaining the environment depending on the length of the river. k: Estimated losses p: Industrial demand in percentage depending on country structure, its value can be determined as 15-25 percent of the domestic demand Asheesh/Eng2006

Sovereign rights  a fair and equitable solution Conflict of distrust Conclusions Rules and conventions on sharing international water resources are ‘frameworks’: Room for interpretation Enforcement limitation Sovereign rights  a fair and equitable solution Conflict of distrust Data and information gaps: centralization and control of the data International Observers &Joint Commission (IJC) is recommended Asheesh/Eng2006

Asheesh/Eng2006 Water Available ILC Non-navigational conventions/UN/ 1997 Water Available Problem Identification Quality Conflicts & political dispute Tools &Rules Quantity Technical factual disagreement conflict goal Technology old/new International agreements/ conventions relational aspects Water allocation Water re-use water treatment plants Technical tools/water utilities Social, cultural & religion IJC/IJC observers Helsinki Rules/1966 water losses water accounting/ WEAS water saving Others, Transporting from other countries/ no harm distribution evaporation poverty sewage& wastewater local natural conditions unsustainable water with drawls Arid & semi arid climate population growth Industrial & agricultural output Institutional Basic requirements Government water policy Customers Utilities level Operational requirements Transboundary water resources cases Asheesh/Eng2006