Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: General structure of engine model and the designed MIMO controller

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Tracking performance of the designed controller

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Comparison between simulated and measured tailpipe HC emissions

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Control signals calculated by the SMC to the engine to follow the desired trajectories

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Evolution of eigenvalues for uncontrolled states x2 and x4

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Designed hybrid switching system

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Behavior of engine brake torque and engine raw HC rate versus exhaust gas temperature

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Evolution of switching times with optimization step

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Comparison of the TWC conversion efficiency and temperature in three designed cold start control strategies

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Comparison among HC emissions of the designed control strategies: (a) engine raw cumulative HC, (b) tailpipe cumulative HC, and (c) mode schedule

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Model-in-the-loop setup used for real-time testing of the designed controller

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Comparison between switching times from real-time and off-line computation

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Comparison of the TWC performance among nonswitching and switching (off-line, real-time) cold start strategies

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Comparison between emission performance

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Effect of oxygen sensor faults on the λ-controller performance

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Gradient of tailpipe emission with respect to λ at different Tcat values

Date of download: 10/15/2017 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Real-Time Hybrid Switching Control of Automotive Cold Start Hydrocarbon Emission J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. 2014;136(4):041002-041002-10. doi:10.1115/1.4026534 Figure Legend: Increase of HCtp due to oxygen sensor fault. (a) fault in sensor gain and (b) fault in sensor response time (the results are from running the controller in real-time on the dSPACE ECU).