Unit 3: Medieval Europe

Rome is SPLIT Rome began as a small city-state and over time, became an enormous empire, controlling lands all around the Mediterranean Sea. Despite experience a golden age called the Pax Romana, it eventually deteriorated due to invasions, a lack of trade and a falling economy. In an attempt to govern the vast empire more effectively, the Roman Empire was split into two by Emperor Diocletian.

Western Empire Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)   Capital: Rome Collapsed in the A.D. 400’s Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) Capital: Constantinople key location for trade because it was at a crossroads of Europe and Asia cultural diffusion! The Byzantines preserved (saved) Greek and Roman culture Justinian’s Code: set of laws for the Byzantine Empire (Emperor Justinian had officials collect all the laws of ancient Rome and then he edited and organized them). Survived for another 1,000 years

Brainpop Fall of Rome (just watch the video; don’t bother with the quiz)

Fall of Rome It was difficult to manage such a large area (at its height, the Roman Empire was 3 million square miles!)

Fall of Rome The Germanic tribes constantly invaded Germanic groups: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, and Vandals. Germanic people had been living on the northern borders of the Roman Empire for years. Rome became weak from the constant invasions as the Germans moved into Roman territory In 476, Emperor Augustus was dethroned and exiled by a German warrior which completed the fall of Rome.

The Middle Ages is the period of time in Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire and before the Renaissance. (It is in the “middle” of two golden ages) 500 B.C – 476 A.D The Roman Empire The Middle Ages or Medieval Period 400-1400 The Renaissance (Rebirth) Begins around 1400

The Early Middle Ages (aka: The Dark Ages) were characterized by:

Split into many separate Germanic kingdoms

Increase in warfare (dangerous time; people don't feel safe)

Decline in trade

Decline in education

People live in small shacks in rural villages

The Church was a very powerful force in Europe during the Middle Ages. Popes usually held both spiritual & political power The church was at the center of each manor People became devoted to God because their lives were so difficult

Complete “Fall of Rome (Document Analysis)”

Brainpop: Feudalism

FEUDALISM

Feudalism A political & social system in which land is exchanged for loyalty and service No social mobility! Your place in the feudal pyramid was determined by birth.

After the fall of Rome, Western Europe was a scary place! Why Feudalism? After the fall of Rome, Western Europe was a scary place! There wasn’t a strong, central government to raise a large army, so there was no protection from invaders. The Feudal system emerged as a means to create Social/political order and stability in society provide a system of protection

King Land (fief) Nobles Land Knights Peasants & Serfs Loyalty & knights Land Loyalty & military service Land & protection Labor & food

Code of Chivalry To fear God and maintain His Church To serve the liege lord in valor and faith To protect the weak and defenseless To give help to widows and orphans To refrain from the wanton giving of offence To live by honor and for glory To despise pecuniary reward To fight for the welfare of all To obey those placed in authority To guard the honor of fellow knights To eschew unfairness, meanness and deceit To keep faith At all times to speak the truth To persevere to the end in any enterprise begun To respect the honor of women Never to refuse a challenge from an equal Never to turn the back upon a foe

The Medieval Economic System Manorialism: The Medieval Economic System Manors: A village and the land surrounding it

The manor was completely self sufficient meaning that everything that was needed was on the manor. Very little reason to leave or travel beyond your manor.

The Manor System – The Medieval Economic System The self sufficient manor contributed to the decline of learning. No new ideas were exchanged. Technology was slow to progress. Little use of money. Wealth based on land.

Complete: “The Church Power Grows” History Short

Spread of Islam & Golden Age of Islam

THE CRUSADES Watch “Mankind: The Story of Us- Warriors” (36:30-46:03) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWxn6fkBOBM&index=4&list=PL67H7asWbCwkTcSFd3DWEb8tZl7qBfOvQ Watch Brainpop’s “The Middle Ages”

THE CRUSADES

Big idea: The Crusades were a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims over control of the holy land (Jerusalem)

The Holy Land The Holy Land includes Jerusalem and surrounding areas in present day Israel and Palestine. The Holy Land was important to: Christians because Jesus was born there, lived and taught there, and was crucified there Muslims because Muhammad (the final prophet of Islam) ascended into heaven there

Based on the map, between 1096-1204: Who controlled most of the lands in Europe? Who controlled most of the land in N. Africa and the Middle East? Who controlled the holy land? (circle it on the map)

Background: Christianity became vastly popular during the Middle Ages as people were increasingly concerned with the after-life. The Muslim Arabs conquered Jerusalem around 638 BC For almost 500 years, Christians, Jews, & Muslims peacefully coexisted Because Jerusalem was a holy land, Christians came each year to visit (pilgrimage)  

Causes of the Crusades: In the early 1000’s however, Christian pilgrims increased so much, the Muslims no longer allowed them to visit. Also, many Muslims attacked the Christian pilgrims, and destroyed many of the Christian churches. Additionally, the increase in Muslim power threatened the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople.  

Calling all Christians Pope Urban II called on all Christians to take back the holy land from the Muslims. Feudal lords, knights & peasants agreed to fight because they wanted: To have their sins forgiven*** To win land and wealth To escape troubles at home For adventure

The Crusades: There were approximately eight crusades, but only the first four are well known. For over 200 years, Christians and Muslims were engaged in almost constant warfare. Although the Christians succeeded in capturing the holy land in the First Crusade, they were not able to maintain control.  

(IF Turks Traveled they would Trade) Effects of the Crusades: (IF Turks Traveled they would Trade) I = Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers F = Feudalism declines because Feudal lords die or spend too much money on military. T = Turks still rule the Holy Land T = Travel – Europeans want to travel and learn more about the world T = Trade – increased between Europe and the Middle East which leads to an increase in CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Watch “Mankind: The Story of All of Us: Episode 5: The Plague” (after section on Mongols) Watch music video: “Black Death (Holla Back Girl) by historyteachers on YouTube

The Mongols

Important Ideas to Remember about the Mongols: Genghis Khan united the Mongols and created the largest empire in history (across Europe and Asia)

After the Mongols conquered many lands, a time of peace and stability occurred (The Pax Mongolia) As a result, trade increased between Europe and Asia on the Silk Road

Russians were cut off/ isolated from most of Western Europe as a result of the Mongol invasions (notice on the map how Europe and Russia are separated from each other because of the Mongols) Russian leaders adopted the idea of strong, centralized control of the empire

Watch video “History vs. Genghis Khan” Watch “America the Story of All of Us: Episode 5” (first 11 minutes)

On your map, label: Japan N. Korea (NK) S. Korea (SK) Russia Mongolia China Pacific Ocean

Japan is an Archipelago (Chain of many small Islands)

Japan is very mountainous (4/5ths of Japan is a mountain Japan is very mountainous (4/5ths of Japan is a mountain!!!!) and has very little Arable Land- so it uses terrace farming Mount Fuji

Japan gets a lot of its food from the sea Japan gets a lot of its food from the sea. This is another way they adapted to their geography

Japan has very few natural resources Iron ore Coal

Japan has a very high Population Density (a lot of people in a small space) Land mass (sq. km) California 423,967 Japan 377,915 Population: California: 38,802,500 Japan: 127,103,388 Japan is a little smaller than California but has more than 3 times the population

In Japan, there are people employed as “pushers” who push people onto the train during rush hour so more people can fit) See a video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLK9VU9JSfc&list=PL7-MIQJGkdsfXXLQ-W-2uzRr-YaPpaESD

A capsule hotel is a type of hotel developed in Japan that features a large number of extremely small "rooms" (capsules) intended to provide cheap, basic overnight accommodation for guests who do not require the services offered by more conventional hotels. There are also “regular” hotels in Japan, but these are helpful to provide more cheap rooms for such a big population

Japan is a homogeneous Society (people all have the same genes, ethnicity and basic culture) (America would be the opposite of a homogenous culture; we are very DIVERSE)

Island isolation encourages them to be ethnocentric

Japanese religion is a blending of Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism and Shintoism Spirits in Nature

The Japanese have a true respect for nature

They practice Selective Borrowing which is when a country deliberately takes on only certain aspects of a culture (ideas mostly came from China and Korea) Missionaries from China introduced Buddhism, Confucianism and writing Japan sent people to China to study their government, art, science, literature, etc. Ignored ideas like the civil service test which did not fit with their culture (in Japanese culture you inherited your position rather than having to earn it through a test)

Korea acts as a cultural “bridge” between China and Japan

Japanese Feudalism

(Farmers, Fishermen & Sales People) Emperor (Figurehead) Shogun (Political leader) Daimyo (Nobles) Samurai (Warriors) Peasants & Merchants (Farmers, Fishermen & Sales People) (90% of population)

Tokugawa Shogunate The Tokugawa shoguns gained control of Japan in the 1600s Tokugawa= the name of the warrior family that ruled Japan from 1603-1863 Shogun= the leader of Japan’s military (this job was hereditary/inherited)

Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. Excerpts from the Edict of 1635: Ordering the Closing of Japan (issued by the Tokugawa Shogunate to the officials at the port of Nagasaki, the site of most of Japan's foreign contacts at the time)   Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ships involved must be impounded and its owner arrested and the matter must be reported to higher authority. If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. If there is any place where the teaching of padres (Christianity) is practiced, then you must order a thorough investigation. What is the overall goal of the Edict of 1635? Which great global studies term would summarize the Japanese policy described above? Why might this policy have been put in place?

From Millard Fillmore, President of the USA, to His Imperial Majesty, the Emperor of Japan November 13, 1852   I have directed Commodore Perry to assure your imperial majesty that I entertain the kindest feelings towards your majesty's person and government and that I have no other object in sending him to Japan but to propose to your imperial majesty that the United States and Japan should live in friendship and have commercial intercourse with each other. 1. Why did the USA send Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan? 2. What was the end result of his trips to Japan?

From Commodore Perry to the Emperor of Japan July 14, 1853 If you are still to disagree we would then take up arms and inquire into the sin against the divine principles, and you would also make sure of your law and fight in defense. When one considers such an occasion, however, one will realize the victory will naturally be ours and you shall by no means overcome us. If in such a situation you seek for a reconciliation, you should put up the white flag that we have recently presented to you, and we would accordingly stop firing and conclude peace with you, turning our battleships aside.   2. How has the tone of Commodore’s Perry letter changed in comparison to letter sent by Fillmore in 1852?  

3. What was the end result of Perry’s visits to Japan? (Watch 4:00-6:20 of the Commodore Perry video) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96B2GMta3YM&t=393s&list=PL6FB-VE3c6FOeuac51p_huHey0QcdcsUw&index=7 Answer: The Treaty of Kanagawa was signed which ended Japan’s isolation

Meiji Restoration: MODERNIZE & INDUSTRIALIZE Emperor Meiji did not want Japan to be taken over by anyone He sent government officials to Europe and the US to learn their Western ways Modernization (Changes by Meiji) Created a strong central govt with a constitution Built factories & railroads; Improved ports Abolished feudalism Made all children go to school