Manifest Destiny and the Rise of Sectionalism This Power Point presentation accompanies the Mastering the Grade 8 Social Studies TEKS book by Jarrett, Zimmer, and Killoran, Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny and the Rise of Sectionalism

Essential Questions What role did “Manifest Destiny” play in westward expansion? Was the U.S.–Mexican War justified? What were the effects of territorial expansion on our nation? Could the divisions created by sectionalism have been avoided? How might the attempt at political compromise have been altered to lessen the threat of Civil War? Can Chief Justice Taney be blamed for the onset of the Civil War?

Sectional Differences Grow

The North Industrial (no slaves) Large Factories Urban Rich owned most and had all the wealth Large Middle Class By 1860 half the population worked in a job other than agriculture Poor and working class lived in bad conditions and also had bad working conditions. Poor women and children worked long hours in factories.

The West (Mid-West) The Midwest became breadbasket states after the National Road and Erie Canal opened. Native Americans were forced out of area for settlers to live. Farming was the main occupation. Other occupations included lumbering, mining gold and silver, and ranching

The West (California) Free State Originally part of Spain and Mexico Many Americans came during the gold rush Largely agricultural Port of San Francisco was important for trade with Asia Jarrett does not mention California at this point in the book. We thought it should be mentioned.

The South Slaves were used to grown cotton and other products The cotton gin extended slavery by making it profitable to grow cotton Because cotton was so profitable industry never developed The South was behind the North in the number of railroads, factories, and schools. Most people were small farmers A small number of wealthy planters controlled government and economy Slave Population

The Peculiar Institution: Southern Slavery Most Southerners owned no slaves Slaves lived in very primitive conditions with simple food Some slaves were skilled laborers Slaves could marry and have children 1808 slave trade became illegal so children became the way to get new slaves Slaves had no rights; could be beaten or sold away from their families Most slaves held on to their rich African heritage through music, religion, and folklore.

Free Blacks 1780 Pennsylvania abolished slavery, the 1st state to do so. In 1800 100,000 Free Blacks lived in the U.S. In 1810 3/4th of all African Americans in the North were free. By 1860 only 10% of all African Americans (500,000) were free. Free Blacks, mostly in North and West, still faced racial prejudice. Free Blacks faced continued discrimination as job competition increased. Compare the two graphs

Sectionalism Sectionalism: the idea that people felt more loyalty to the region they lived in than the United States as a whole.