What factors shape our personality ? Innate? Learned? Goal oriented?

How Stable is Personality?

Biological Foundations of Traits Level of arousal and motivation Moderate heritability of traits Genetic influences on neurotransmitters ( serotonin) Keywords:

Twin Studies Genetic Factors – 40 % Non-Shared Environmental factors – 27 % Shared Environment- 7 % Error – 26 % Both twins shared 100 identical genes Each twin displays unique differences Jim (left) is more easygoing that John ( right)-plane late example How do genetic factors adjust to his or her own environment? Expreinecs that are shared include environmental factors-family. Socioeconomic status, religion etc.

Trait Theories Trait - a relatively stable predisposition to behave in a certain way Keywords: trait, trait theories

Trait Theories Surface traits - linked directly to a set of related behaviors Ex- Party Phenomenon Central traits - fundamental dimensions of personality Keywords: surface traits, central traits Graphics: fig. 15.1 pg. 565 of Gray

Factor Analysis Raymond Cattell 16 Personality Factors How do we arrive at factors? Criticisms?

Big-Five Theory Openness to experience-nonopenness Conscientiousness-undirectedness Extroversion-introversion Agreeable-Disagreeable Neuroticism-stability Open to novel experiences- Has narrow interests C- Is responsible and dependable or is impulsive and careless E- Is outgoing and decisive or is retiring and withdrawn A- Warm and good natured or is unfriendly and cold N- Is stable and not a worrier or is nervous and emotionally unstable

Ocean

The Social- Cognitive Personality Julian Rotter Alfred Bandura

Social-Cognitive Perspective Locus of Control proposed by Julian Rotter belief that rewards either are or are not controllable by one’s own efforts may be internal or external http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ Keywords: Julian Rotter, locus of control

Social-Cognitive Perspective Self-Efficacy/Reciprocal determinism Alfred Bandura Efficacy-belief about one’s ability to perform specific tasks can be high or low Ex- test example Reciprocal Determinism=Traits, environment and personal behavior interact ( loop) Ex: Brad the party boy Keywords: Albert Bandura, self-efficacy Graphics: pic. of Bandura pg. 497 Hockenbury

When is Brad going to get here?

BF Skinner Operant Conditioning-? Seligman- Learned Helplessness

Humanism Personality Theory Abraham Maslow

Humanistic Perspective Focuses on the human tendency to create belief systems and to govern our lives in accordance with these beliefs Phenomenological reality - one’s conscious understanding of his/her world Ideal vs. Real self list Keywords: humanistic perspective, phenomenological reality

Humanistic Perspective Carl Rogers’s person-centered approach self-concept is central to personality conditional positive regard - love and praise is withheld unless one conforms to others’ expectations unconditional positive regard - accepting a person regardless of who they are or what they do Keywords: Carl Rogers, self-concept, conditional positive regard, unconditional positive regard Graphics: pic. Of Rogers pg. 592 Gray

Humanistic Perspective Self-actualization needs Esteem needs Belongingness and love needs Safety needs Physiological needs Growth needs Deficiency needs Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs self-actualization - the realization of one’s dreams and capabilities Keywords: Abraham Maslow, hierarchy of needs, self-actualization Graphics: pic. of Maslow pg. 437 Myers