Costs of Violence against women and girls in Egypt Nata Duvvury, National University of Ireland Annual Scientific Meeting, 8 September, 2016, Dubai Study was funded by UNFPA and was a partnership between UNFPA, National Council for Women, and the Central Agency for Public Mobilisation and Statistics (CAMPAS)

National Study Study was prompted by reports of increasing violence in Egypt Explore the different experiences of violence in addition to intimate partner violence Establish the economic costs of violence in addition to its health and legal consequences Explore the experiences of women outside the reproductive age The survey aimed to measure Prevalence and incidence of the different type and forms of violence against women Impact of violence on women’s health, reproductive health and wellbeing Consequences of violence against women and their associated economic costs Nationally representative sample: Women aged 18 to 64 Two stage cluster sample of 21000 households

Prevalence of violence Survey covered violence by husband/fiancé, by other family members and others in the home and/or close surroundings, and violence in public spaces (work, schools, public transport, and markets/streets) IPV(physical, emotional or sexual violence) is the most common form with 46 % reporting experiencing at least once in the lifetime and 24% at least once in the past 12 months 18% reported violence perpetrated by family members and others in close environment since 18 and 3% in the past 12 months 13% reported experience of violence in public spaces (10% in streets, markets, etc, 7% in public transport, 4% at work and 1% in educational institutions) in the last 12 months Overall 30% of women aged 18-64 had experienced at least once violence by husband/fiancé, violence by other family member/neighbors/ in close surroundings, or violence in public place in the last 12 months

Rural/Urban experience of violence in last 12 months

Methods for costing Costs were limited to exploring Out of pocket expenditures for accessing health, police, courts, shelter and social services + out of pocket expenditure for replacing property broken, damaged or lost (utensils, furniture, vehicles, phones,etc.) Missed work due to violence Lost days of domestic work Missed days of schooling Used Accounting Methodology Equations Out of pocket expenditures j=type of violence, i=index of woman, s=type of service, C= cost woman i paid for service, w= weight of woman i for population projection

Missed work j=type of violence, i= index of woman, FE= market daily earning or wage for woman FD= woman’s lost days, HE= market daily earning or wage of husband, HD= husband’s lost days, W – weight for woman i for population projection missing values of earnings were imputed using regression of earnings for women and men separately

Missed domestic work j= type of violence, i= index of woman, RW – hourly wage of women in household services in 2014, AH= average daily hours usually spent in domestic work, D= days missed, w= weight Cap of 14 hours/day spent in domestic work and cap of 4hours in child care Missed school days on calculated only for partner violence, C= school fee in last year/201 (no of school days in 2014/15, LD = lost days by woman i’s children, w = weight

Missed schooling by woman/girl experiencing violence j=type of violence, i=index of woman, C= cost of fees in last year (no data reported so average of all reported fees used as estimate), LD= lost days, w= weight Missed time for alternative route j=type of violence, i= woman, RW= hourly wage of woman, H= additional hours spent for transport, D= no. of days, ARW= hourly wage of woman/male is household occupation, Hr=Hours spent by relative accompanying

COSTS OF VAWG IN EGYPT Total 189.7 million 610.4 million 0.238 million Category of Cost/Type of violence Partner violence Violence by others in Home/Neighborhood Violence in Public Spaces Total Cost of health 114 million 19.2 million 3.42 million 189.7 million Cost of legal services/judicial proceedings 7 million/44 million 1.04 million/1.04   Cost of shelter 585 miilion 25.4 million nil 610.4 million Cost of other services 238 thousand 0.238 million Cost of property 81 million Missed domestic work 620 million 56.6 million 695.8 milliion Missed work 26.9 million 6.8 million 33.7 million Missed work by husband 13.7 million Missed school 956 000 15.5 thousand 1.39 million 2.5 million Cost of additional time 546 million 564 million TOTAL COST 1.49 billion .110 billion .570 billion 2.17 billion

Costs of VAWG

Other consequences Women experiencing violence in the lifetime were more likely to have low birth weight babies – 7.53% vs 5.3% (statistically significant at 0.01 level) Among the women who experienced violence in the past 12 months 74% reported children had nightmares 25% reported children became violent 19% reported children had no desire to play 7.4% reported children’s educational performance declined (low marks or failed the year)

Main conclusions In Egypt the study findings indicate that costs of violence are high, and comprise mostly hidden costs that are borne by families. The care work that is lost due to violence accounts for 32% of the total cost Similarly shelter (which is when a woman leaves the home) is a significant cost borne by natal family and friends Violence in public spaces has a significant cost in terms of additional time or being accompanied by extended family The study suggests attention on access to formal systems of service provision is misplaced in context of low and middle income countries

Need to refine our methodologies to capture more rigorously the full economic implications of the impact on care work of the both the survivors of violence and other family members. Particularly timely given the growing focus on understanding and addressing unpaid care work Important to consider when designing evaluations of interventions to assess impact not only on service utilization but also changes in care wrok

Thank you!